Still more confusingly, an ideograph may be used with an _on_ (Chinese) sound resembling a _kun_ (native) word, and the _kun_ word may be employed, not in its natural sense, but as it were punningly, though more often no quibble is intended. Thus 兼 of which the _on_ is _ken_, may be used for the verbal termination _kemu_, as in 茢兼 (_karikemu_, will have reaped), where 茢 is employed lexicographically as _kemu_, as just explained. So 不有君 does not mean _kimi arazu_ (lord is not) but _ari nakuni_, as there is not. Similar examples are _kaherikomu_ and _shirasamu_ cited above. So 難 _nan_ (difficult) for _nani_, what?, {點} _ten_ for _-temu_; 徳 _toku_ for _toko_, and so forth. Or the Japanese reading of a character may be taken, but in a signification different from its true meaning, thus 庭 _niha_, a court or yard, for the particles _ni ha_, 玉 _tama_, jewel or pearl, for _tamashii_, soul, or even 湯龜 _yu-game_ = water-tortoise for _yukame_ = will go, or the combination 石二 = stone-two, which puzzled Shitagau so sorely, and finally turned out to mean _made_ = until, to which may be added the commonest of all 鴨 = _kamo_, a wild duck, used for _ka mo_, an expression of mingled entreaty and doubt. The above devices were no doubt resorted to partly to supply the place of a syllabary, partly for purposes of abbreviation, the full writing of long Japanese words with a Chinese character for each syllable being found too laborious. But characters are often also used in a punning or humorous way. Thus 二二 = 2 × 2 are employed to represent the syllable _shi_ (which means 4 in Japano-Chinese), but here is used phonetically to represent the emphatic particle _shi_ or the syllable _shi_ merely. So 山上復有山 = mountain 山 upon mountain to represent 出 _idzuru_, go forth, out, &c., 三伏一向衣 = three-prostrations-one-regard-night, i.e. a moonlight night (when one salutes the moon), 八十一 (81) as equivalent to _ku ku_, nine times nine, part of the word _kukumeru_ (= _fukumeru_, hold in mouth, imply), and so forth. Characters used otherwise than to express their true meaning are called _kariji_, borrow-characters, i.e. characters borrowed to signify some other meaning than their own. Characters used in the orthodox manner are called _manaji_--true characters. There are also _guji_, 具字 double characters used, where one would suffice, thus 何物 for 何 _nani_. This is probably a mere embellishment. Contracted script is not uncommon; thus we find 山下 for 山下出風 = _arashi_, a violent wind (rushing down from the mountains). Lastly, there are abbreviated characters--a full list of which is given in the Kogi, together with a few characters peculiar to the Anthology and contracted expressions such as _amori_ for _ame ori_, _Yamato naru_ for _Y. ni aru_, _haru sareba_ for _haru shi areba_, _chifu_ for _to ifu_ (modern _tefu_ = _chō_ of Kyôto), and so forth.