6. The character is read specially--縵 _kadzura_ (chaplet), 棟 _kura_ (saddle). 7. The character is abbreviated--建 for 健, 已 for 起. In addition the Kogi gives the following categories:-- _gikun_, combinations not literally translated into Japanese--玄{黄} _ametsuchi_ (heaven and earth), lit. dark-blue (of sky) and yellow-brown (of earth), 親親 _chichi-haha_ (parents, father and mother), lit. love-love. A great many of these are given; many would scarcely suggest the meaning of the combination; sometimes, as when 蓋 _futa_ (lid), is used to express 二 _futa_ (two), a word-play is involved. _kariji_ or borrowed characters which have been already exemplified. But one curious expression may be added, {喚}犬{追}馬鏡 _masokagami_ (true-pure-mirror), the characters mean call (or bark?)-dog-follow-horse (_ma_) mirror; call-dog-follow is a humorous (?) description of _ma_, meaning horse, but here used for the homophon _ma_, true, εὐ, part of _ma so_, which has the same meaning. Subjoined is the script of the text of Lay 118 which well exemplifies the peculiarities of Manyôgaki. The columnar transliteration represents the similar transliteration into syllabic _kana_ in the usual editions inclusive of the Kogi. FOOTNOTES [1] For a more complete account the grammars of Aston and Chamberlain must be consulted. [2] For the purposes of Old Japanese the grammatical nomenclature of Aryan grammar seems to me misleading and I use it therefore as little as possible. [3] See _miru_ below. [4] _tsu_ is usually taken as = complete, finished, but it may be = _nu_ (be). Like _nu_ (_no_) it is used as a genitive postposition or particle. See _infra_. [5] So in _Sasagani no (koromo ni kakari, ware wo) tanomuru_ (Aston) the sentence is read, _S. ha waga koromo ni kakarite ware wo tanomu_. [6] In the volume of translations the texts of the Manyôshiu and Taketori are further considered and some account given of the various editions of them published by the principal commentators. [Illustration: 1. UTSU SEMI no. 虛蟬乃。 2. YO [NO] HITO NAREBA. 世人有者。 3. OHO KIMI no. 大王之。 4. MI KOTO KASHIKOmi. 御命恐彌。 5. shiki SHIMAno. 礒城島能。 6. YAMATO [NO] KUNI no. 日本國乃。 7. ISO[NO]KAMI. 石上。 8. _Furu_ [NO] SATO ni. 振里爾。 9. HIMO TOKAZU. 紐不解。 10. MARONE WO SUREBA. 丸寐乎爲者。 11. AGA KESERU. 吾衣有。 12. KOROMO HA narenu. 服者奈禮奴。 13. MIRUGOTO [NI]. 毎見。 14. KOHI HA MASAREDO. 戀者雖益。 15. IRO ni =ideba=. 色二山上復有山者。 16. =hito= SHIRINUBEMI. 一可知美。 17. FUYU [_no_] YO (NO). 各夜之。 18. AKE _mo_ KANE_tsutsu_. 明毛不得呼鷄。 19. =i mo= NEZU ni. 五十毋不宿二。 20. ARE _ha_ so KOFUru. 吾齒曾戀流。 21. IMO GA =tadaka= ni. 妹之直香仁。 Roman = Chinese phonetic. Italic = Japanese phonetic. =Clarendon= = _Kariji_ or rebus characters. Small capitals = Japanese translation of characters.] [Illustration: THE WORLD as known to the JAPANESE OF THE MYTHICAL ERA