Primitive Time-reckoning: A study in the origins and first development of the art of counting time among the primitive and early culture peoplesNilsson, Martin P. (Martin Persson)
History
Primitive Time-reckoning: A study in the origins and first development of the art of counting time among the primitive and early culture peoples
Nilsson, Martin P. (Martin Persson)
Chronology
These are, poetically regarded, very fine examples of the rich
terminology for the time of transition between night and day.
In Tahiti the day has six divisions which are fairly accurately
determined by the height of the sun. Names are given for midnight,
midnight to daybreak, daybreak, sunrise, the time when the sun begins
to be hot, when it reaches the meridian, evening before sunset, the
time after sunset[105]. The names for the times of day among the
Society Islanders were particularly well developed. For the day
there were two expressions according to its extension either from
morning to evening twilight or from the rising to the setting of
the sun. No division into regular periods was known, nor any means
of establishing these; nevertheless the islanders distinguished a
varying number of points of time, according to recurring physical
changes, at unequal distances from each other. Thus:--the time of
cock-crow, the first breaking of clouds, twilight, the stirring
of the flies, the time at which a man’s face can be recognised,
daylight, the dipping forward of the sun’s edge, sunrise, the sun
above the horizon, the rays broadening over the land, the rays
falling on the crown of the head, the same a little oblique, the
shadow as long as the object, the same longer than the man, the
sun near the horizon, sunset, the time at which the houses are
lit up, twilight, night, midnight[106]. For the Marquesas are
given:--daybreak, twilight, dawn, (‘the day or the red sky, the
fleeing night’), broad day--bright day from full morning to about ten
o’clock--, noon (‘belly of the sun’), afternoon (‘back part of the
sun’), evening (‘fire-fire’, the same expression as in Hawaii, i.
e. the time to light the fires on the mountains or the kitchen fire
for supper)[107]. The Samoans divided the day into first dawn, dawn,
cock-crowing, day-break, the time when the bird _iao_ was heard (_i_
= call, _ao_ = day-break), morning, the time to feed the tame pigeons
(about 9 a. m.), the sun upright (= noon), half-way down (about 3 p.
m.), sunset. After that the night was divided into:--the crying of
the cricket (about 20 minutes after sunset), fire-lighting (about
half-an-hour later), the extinguishing of the lights (about 9 p. m.),
midnight, and _tulna o pa ma ao_, ‘the standing together of night and
day’[108].
Indications of this nature are convenient only in countries in which
the sun is neither too often nor too long hidden by clouds. When the
sun is hidden the inhabitants have to manage as best they can. A
very interesting statement in this connection is made by a Swahili
native. In rainy days his tribe observed the crowing of the cock. At
the first cock-crow they knew that it was 5 or 6 a. m.; when the cock
failed to crow all sense of a division of time was lost to them[109].
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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