Seasonal points--Small seasons--Winter and summer--Dry and rainy seasons--Wind-seasons--Four or five seasons-- Sub-division of seasons--Greater seasons--Cycles of seasons --Agricultural cycles of seasons--Artificially regulated cycles of seasons--Indo-European seasons--Seasons of the Germanic peoples--The division of the Germanic year--The Scandinavian division of the year--The old Scandinavian week-year--Smaller wind-seasons. CHAPTER III.--THE YEAR 86 Half-years--Shorter years--The empirical year--_Pars pro toto_ reckoning--The period of the vegetation and the year-- Ignorance of age--Relative age--Designation of years after events--Series of years designated after events--Designation of years in Babylonia and Egypt. CHAPTER IV.--THE STARS 109 Inaccuracy of time-reckoning--The stars in Homer--Observation of the stars by the Greeks and Romans--Star-lore: N. America --S. America--Africa--India--Australia--Oceania--Indication of time from the stars--Observation of the stars: Bushmen --Australia--N. America--S. America--Africa--East Indian Archipelago--Torres Straits--Melanesia--Polynesia--The stars as causes and omens of the weather. CHAPTER V.--THE MONTH 147 The moon--Counting of months and their days--Indications of the position of the moon--Salutations to the new moon-- Celebration of the full moon--Other phases--The greater phases of the moon--Further phases--Days named after the phases of the moon--Groups of days named after the phases of the moon--Days counted from the greater phases--Decades-- African systems--The quarters of the moon. CHAPTER VI.--THE MONTHS 173 Series of months: N. Asia--Siberia--Eskimos--N. America--S. America--Africa--East Indian Archipelago--Torres Straits-- Oceania. CHAPTER VII.--CONCLUSIONS 217 Imperfect counting of the moons--Connexion between moons and seasons--Multiplicity and absence of names of months--Pairs of months. CHAPTER VIII.--OLD SEMITIC MONTHS 226 1. _Babylonia._ Sumerian months--Akkadian months--Babylonian etc. months--2. _The Israelites._ Canaanitish months-- Israelitish months--New moon and months--3. _The pre-Mohammedan Arabs._ Arabian months. CHAPTER IX.--CALENDAR REGULATION. 1. THE INTERCALATION 240 Incomplete series of months--Uncertainty as to the month-- Difficulties in reckoning months--Empirical intercalation-- The Jews--Correction of the months by the stars--Correction of the Batak year--The pre-Mohammedan intercalation--The Babylonian months and the stars.--The Babylonian intercalation empirical--Correction of the year by the solstices and the stars. CHAPTER X.--CALENDAR REGULATION. 2. BEGINNING OF THE YEAR 267