Uncertainty as to the beginning of the year--New Year feasts--Beginning of the year--The Israelitish New Year-- The Pleiades year--. _Appendix_: The Egyptian year. CHAPTER XI.--POPULAR MONTHS OF THE EUROPEAN PEOPLES 282 Month-names: Albanian--Basque--Lithuanian--Lettish-- Slavonic--German--Anglo-Saxon months--The Anglo-Saxon lunisolar year--Scandinavian month-names--Old Scandinavian lunar months--Later Swedish moon-months--Finnish moon-months--Lapp months. CHAPTER XII.--SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES. AIDS TO THE DETERMINATION OF TIME 311 Observation of the solstices and equinoxes--Observation of the equinoxes by the Scandinavians--Seed-time determined by the observation of the sun--Devices for counting days, etc. CHAPTER XIII.--ARTIFICIAL PERIODS OF TIME. FEASTS 324 The market-week in Africa--Greater periods in Africa--The market-week in Asia--America--Rome--_Shabattu_ and sabbath-- Origin of the sabbath--The sabbath a market-day--Festivals and seasons--Cycles of festivals--Regulation of the festivals by the moon--Full moon the time of festivals--Festivals determined by the course of the sun--Months named after festivals. CHAPTER XIV.--THE CALENDAR-MAKERS 347 Calendrical observations by certain gifted persons--The priests as calendar-makers--Sacral and profane calendar-regulation. CHAPTER XV.--CONCLUSION 355 1. _Summary of results._ The concrete nature of time-indications--Discontinuous and ‘aoristic’ time-indications--The _pars pro toto_ counting of the periods--The continuous time-reckoning--Empirical intercalation of months--2. _The Greek time-reckoning._ Early Greek time-reckoning--The Oktaeteris and the months--Sacral character of the Greek calendar--Influence of Apollo and Delphi--Babylonian origin of the Greek calendar-regulation. ADDENDUM TO P. 78 NOTE 2 370 LIST OF AUTHORITIES QUOTED 371 INDEX 382 INTRODUCTION.