CHAPTER III. Historical progress of Geology--Arabian Writers--Italian, French, German, and English geologists before the 19th century--Physico-theological school 17 CHAPTER IV. Werner and Hutton--Modern progress of the science 46 CHAPTER V. Prepossessions in regard to the duration of past time, and other causes which have retarded the progress of Geology 61 CHAPTER VI. Agreement of the ancient and modern course of nature considered--Changes of climate 73 CHAPTERS VII. VIII. Causes of vicissitudes in climate, and their connection with changes in physical geography 92, 114 CHAPTER IX. Theory of the progressive development of organic life at successive periods considered--Modern origin of Man 130 CHAPTER X. Supposed intensity of aqueous forces at remote periods--Erratic blocks--Deluges 153 CHAPTER XI. Supposed former intensity of the igneous forces--Upheaval of land--Volcanic action 160 CHAPTER XII. Causes of the difference in texture of older and newer rocks--Plutonic and Metamorphic action 175 CHAPTER XIII. Supposed alternate periods of repose and disorder--Opposite doctrine, which refers geological phenomena to an uninterrupted series of changes in the organic and inorganic world, unattended with general catastrophes, or the development of paroxysmal forces 180 BOOK II. (CHAPTERS XIV. to XXXII.) OBSERVED CHANGES IN THE INORGANIC WORLD NOW IN PROGRESS: FIRST, THE EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS CAUSES, SUCH AS RIVERS, SPRINGS, GLACIERS, WAVES, TIDES, AND CURRENTS; SECONDLY, OF IGNEOUS CAUSES, OR SUBTERRANEAN HEAT, AS EXHIBITED IN THE VOLCANO AND THE EARTHQUAKE. CHAPTER XIV. Aqueous causes--Excavating and transporting power of rivers 198 CHAPTER XV. Carrying power of river-ice--Glaciers and Icebergs 219 CHAPTER XVI. Phenomena of springs 232 CHAPTER XVII. Reproductive effects of rivers--Deltas of lakes and inland seas 251 CHAPTER XVIII. Deltas of the Mississippi, Ganges, and other rivers exposed to tidal action 263 CHAPTERS XIX. XX. XXI. Denuding, transporting, and depositing agency of the waves, tides, and currents--Waste of sea-cliffs on the coast of England--Delta of the Rhine--Deposition of sediment under the influence of marine currents 290, 321, 337