Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
After the fierce midsummer all ablaze
Has burned itself to ashes and expires
In the intensity of its own fires,
Then come the mellow, mild, St Martin days
Crowned with the calm of peace, but sad with haze.
So after Love has led us, till he tires
Of his own throes and torments, and desires,
Comes large-eyed Friendship: with a restful gaze
He beckons us to follow, and across
Cool, verdant vales we wander free from care.
Is it a touch of frost lies in the air?
Why are we haunted with a sense of loss?
We do not wish the pain back, or the heat;
And yet, and yet, these days are incomplete.
As to the success of the communication there can be no question.
Both the popularity of the author, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, of whose
work this is a favourable specimen, and records of the response
made by well-educated persons, who read it without being aware
of the authorship, leave this beyond doubt. It reproduces the
state of mind of the writer very exactly. With a very numerous
class of readers pleasure and admiration ensue. The explanation
is, probably, in the soothing effect of aligning the very active
Love-Friendship groups of impulses with so settled yet rich a
group as the Summer-Autumn simile brings in. The mind finds for
a moment an attitude in which to contemplate a pair of situations
(Love and Friendship) together, situations which are for many
minds particularly difficult to see together. The heavy regular
rhythm, the dead stamp of the rimes, the obviousness of the descriptions
(‘mellow, mild, St Martin’; ‘cool verdant vales’) their alliteration,
the triteness of the close, all these accentuate the impression
of conclusiveness. The restless spirit is appeased, one of its
chief problems is made to seem as if, regarded from a lofty,
all-embracing standpoint, it is no problem but a process of nature.
This reconciliation, this appeasement, is common to much good
and to much bad poetry alike. But the value of it depends upon
the level of organisation at which it takes place, upon whether
the reconciled impulses are adequate or inadequate. In this case
those who have adequate impulses as regards any of the four main
systems involved, Summer, Autumn, Love, Friendship, are not appeased.
Only for those who make certain conventional, stereotyped maladjustments
instead, does the magic work.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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