Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
With this preliminary disavowal of undue certainty we may proceed.
The equilibrium[83] of opposed impulses, which we suspect to be
the ground-plan of the most valuable æsthetic responses, brings
into play far more of our personality than is possible in experiences
of a more defined emotion. We cease to be orientated in one definite
direction; more facets of the mind are exposed and, what is the
same thing, more aspects of things are able to affect us. To
respond, not through one narrow channel of interest, but simultaneously
and coherently through many, is to be _disinterested_ in
the only sense of the word which concerns us here. A state of
mind which is not disinterested is one which sees things only
from one standpoint or under one aspect. At the same time since
more of our personality is engaged the independence and individuality
of other things becomes greater. We seem to see ‘all round’ them,
to see them as they really are; we see them apart from any one
particular interest which they may have for us. Of course without
some interest we should not see them at all, but the less any
one particular interest is indispensable, the more _detached_
our attitude becomes. And to say that we are _impersonal_
is merely a curious way of saying that our personality is more
_completely_ involved.
These characters of æsthetic experiences can thus be shown to
be very natural consequences of the diversity, of their components.
But that so many different impulses should enter in is only what
may be expected in an experience whose ground-plan is a balance
of opposites. For every impulse which does not complete itself
in isolation tends to bring in allied systems. The state of irresolution
shows this clearly. The difference between any such welter of
vacillating impulses and the states of composure we are considering
may well be a matter of mediating relations between the supporting
systems brought in from either side. One thing only perhaps is
certain; what happens is the exact opposite to a deadlock, for
compared to the experience of great poetry every other state
of mind is one of bafflement.
The consciousness which arises in these moments of completed
being lends itself inevitably to transcendental descriptions.
“This Exstasie doth unperplex”, we seem to see things as they
really are, and because we are freed from the bewilderment which
our own maladjustment brings with it,
The heavy and the weary weight
Of all this unintelligible world
Is lightened.
Wordsworth’s Pantheistic interpretation of the imaginative experience
in _Tintern Abbey_[84] is one which in varying forms has
been given by many poets and critics. The reconciliation of it
with the account here presented raises a point of extreme importance,
the demarcation of the two main uses of language.
[79] Coleridge’s debt here to Schelling has been over-estimated.
Such borrowings as he made were more hampering to him than helpful.
[80] _Biographia Literaria_, II, pp. 12, 14.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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