Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
There remains to be discussed another set of emotive effects
which may also be called beliefs. Instead of occurring part way
in, or at the beginning of a response, they come as a rule at
the end, and thus are less likely to be confused with scientific
beliefs. Very often the whole state of mind in which we are left
by a poem, or by music, or, more rarely perhaps, by other forms
of art, is of a kind which it is natural to describe as a belief.
When all provisional acceptances have lapsed, when the single
references and their connections which may have led up to the
final response are forgotten, we may still have an attitude and
an emotion which has to introspection all the characters of a
belief. This belief, which is a consequence not a cause of the
experience, is the chief source of the confusion upon which Revelation
Doctrines depend.
If we ask what in such cases it is which is believed, we are
likely to receive, and to offer, answers both varied and vague.
For strong belief-feelings, as is well known and as is shown
by certain doses of alcohol or hashish, and pre-eminently of
nitrous oxide, will readily attach themselves to almost any reference,
distorting it to suit their purpose. Few people without experience
of the nitrous-oxide revelation have any conception of their
capacity for believing or of the extent to which belief-feelings
and attitudes are parasitic. Thus when, through reading _Adonais_,
for example, we are left in a strong emotional attitude which
feels like belief, it is only too easy to think that we are believing
in immortality or survival, or in something else capable of statement,
and fatally easy also to attribute the value of the poem to the
alleged effect, or conversely to regret that it should depend
upon such a scientifically doubtful conclusion. Scientific beliefs,
as opposed to these emotive beliefs, are beliefs ‘_that_
so and so’. They can be stated with greater or less precision,
as the case may be, but always in some form. It is for some people
difficult to admit beliefs which are objectless, which are not
about anything or in anything; beliefs which cannot be stated.
Yet most of the beliefs of children and primitive peoples, and
of the unscientific generally seem to be of this kind. Their
parasitic nature helps to confuse the issue. What we have to
distinguish are beliefs which are grounded in fact, i.e., are
due to reference, and beliefs which are due to other causes,
and merely attach themselves to such references as will support
them.
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