Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
These objectless beliefs, which though merely attitudes seem
to be knowledge, are not difficult to explain. Some system of
impulses not ordinarily in adjustment within itself or adjusted
to the world finds something which orders it or gives it fit
exercise. Then follows the peculiar sense of ease, of restfulness,
of free, unimpeded activity, and the feeling of acceptance, of
something more positive than acquiescence. This feeling is the
reason why such states may be called beliefs. They share this
feeling with, for example, the state which follows the conclusive
answering of a question. Most attitude-adjustments which are
successful possess it in some degree, but those which are very
regular and familiar, such as sitting down to meat or stretching
out in bed, naturally tend to lose it. But when the required
attitude has been long needed, where its coming is unforeseen
and the manner in which it is brought about complicated and inexplicable,
where we know no more than that formerly we were unready and
that now we are ready for life in some particular phase, the
feeling which results may be intense. Such are the occasions
upon which the arts seem to lift away the burden of existence,
and we seem ourselves to be looking into the heart of things.
To be seeing whatever it is as it really is, to be cleared in
vision and to be recipients of a revelation.
We have considered already the detail of these states of consciousness
and their conjectural impulse basis. We can now take this feeling
of a revealed significance, this attitude of readiness, acceptance
and understanding, which has led to so many Revelation Doctrines,
not as actually implying knowledge, but for what it is—the conscious
accompaniment of our successful adjustment to life. But it is,
we must admit, no certain sign by itself that our adjustment
is adequate or admirable. Even the most firm adherents to Revelation
Doctrines admit that there are bogus revelations, and on our
account it is equally important to distinguish between ‘feelings
of significance’ which indicate that all is well and those which
do not. In a sense all indicate that _something_ is going
well, otherwise there would be no acceptance, no belief but rejection.
The real question is ‘What is it?’ Thus after the queer reshuffling
of inhibitions and releases which follows the taking of a dose
of alcohol, for example, the sense of revelation is apt to occur
with unusual authority. Doubtless this feeling of significance
is a sign that as the organism is for the moment, its affairs
are for the moment thriving. But when the momentary special condition
of the system has given place to the more usual, more stable
and more generally advantageous adjustment, the authority of
the vision falls away from it; we find that what we were doing
is by no means so wonderful or so desirable as we thought and
that our belief was nonsensical. So it is less noticeably with
many moments in which the world seems to be showing its real
face to us.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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