Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
The chief difficulty of all Revelation Doctrines has always been
to discover what it is which is revealed. If these states of
mind are knowledge it should be possible to state what it is
that they know. It is often easy enough to find something which
we can suppose to be what we know. Belief feelings, we have seen,
are _parasitic_, and will attach themselves to all kinds
of hosts. In literature it is especially easy to find hosts.
But in music, in the non-representative arts of design, in architecture
or ceramics, for example, the task of finding something to believe,
or to believe in, is not so easy. Yet the ‘feeling of significance’
is as common[102] in these other arts as in literature. Denial
of this is usually proof only of an interest limited to literature.
This difficulty has usually been met by asserting that the alleged
knowledge given in the revelation is non-intellectual. It refuses
to be rationalised, it is said. Well and good; but if so why
call it knowledge? Either it is capable of corroborating or of
conflicting with the other things we usually call knowledge,
such as the laws of thermodynamics, capable of being stated and
brought into connection with what else we know; or it is not
knowledge, not capable of being stated. We cannot have it both
ways, and no sneers at the limitations of logic, the commonest
of the resources of the confused, amend the dilemma. In fact
it resembles knowledge only in being an attitude and a feeling
very similar to some attitudes and feelings which may and often
do accompany knowledge. But ‘Knowledge’ is an immensely potent
emotive word engendering reverence towards any state of mind
to which it is applied. And these ‘feelings of significance’
are those among our states of mind which most deserve to be revered.
That they should be so obstinately described as knowledge even
by those who most carefully remove from them all the characteristics
of knowledge is not surprising.
Traditionally what is said to be known thus mystically through
the arts is Beauty, a remote and divine entity not otherwise
to be apprehended, one of the Eternal Absolute Values. And this
is doubtless emotively a way of talking which is effective for
a while. When its power abates, as the power of such utterances
will, there are several developments which may easily be used
to revive it. “Beauty is eternal, and we may say that it is already
manifest as a heavenly thing—the beauty of Nature is indeed an
earnest to us of the ultimate goodness which lies behind the
apparent cruelty and moral confusion of organic life. . . . Yet
we feel that these three are ultimately one, and human speech
bears constant witness to the universal conviction that Goodness
is beautiful, that Beauty is good, that Truth is Beauty. We can
hardly avoid the use of the word ‘trinity’, and if we are theists
at all we cannot but say that they are one, because they are
the manifestation of one God. If we are not theists there is
no explanation.”[103]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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