Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
There are certain evident priorities among impulses, some of
which have been studied in various ways by economists under the
headings of primary wants and secondary wants. Some needs or
impulses must be satisfied in order that others may be possible.
We must eat, drink, sleep, breathe, protect ourselves and carry
on an immense physiological business as a condition for any further
activities. Some of these impulses, breathing, for example, can
be satisfied directly, but most of them involve us in complicated
cycles of instrumental labour. Man for the most part must exert
himself half his life to satisfy even the primitive needs, and
these activities, failing other means of reaching the same ends,
share their priority. In their turn they involve as conditions
a group of impulses, whose satisfaction becomes only second in
importance to physiological necessities, those, namely, upon
which communication and the ability to co-operate depend. But
these, since man is a social creature, also become more directly
necessary to his well-being.
The very impulses which enable him to co-operate in gaining his
dinner would themselves, if not satisfied, wreck by their mere
frustration all his activities. This happens all through the
hierarchy. Impulses, whose exercise may have been originally
only important as means, and which might once have been replaced
by quite different sets, become in time necessary conditions
for innumerable quite different performances. Objects, again,
originally valued because they satisfy one need, are found later
to be also capable of satisfying others. Dress, for example,
appears to have originated in magical, ‘life-giving,’ ornaments[22],
but so many other interests derive satisfaction from it that
controversy can still arise as to its primitive uses.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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