Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
The instances of priorities given must only be taken as examples.
It is hardly necessary to remind the reader that for a civilised
man, activities originally valuable as means only, often become
so important through their connections with the rest of his activities,
that life without them is regarded as intolerable. Thus acts
which will debar him from his normal relations with his fellows
are often avoided, even at the cost of death. Total cessation
of all activities is preferred to the dreadful thwarting and
privation which would ensue. The case of the soldier, or of the
conscientious objector, is thus no exception to the principle.
Life deprived of all but the barest physiological necessities,
for example, prison life, is for many people worse than non-existence.
Those who even so incur it in defence of some ‘moral ideal’ do
so because they are so organised, either permanently or temporarily,
that only in this way can their dominant impulses secure satisfaction.
The self-regarding impulses form only a part of the total activities
of social man, and the impulse of the martyr to bear witness
at any cost to what he regards as truth, is only one extreme
instance of the degree to which other impulses often assume supremacy.
For another reason any priorities mentioned must be taken only
as illustrations. We do not know enough yet about the precedences,
the hierarchies, the modes of systematisation, actual and possible,
in that unimaginable organisation, the mind, to say what order
in any case actually exists, or between what the order holds.
We only know that a growing order is the principle of the mind,
that its function is to co-ordinate, and we can detect that in
some of its forms the precedence is different from that in others.
This we could do by observation, by comparing the drunken man
with the sober, but from our own experience of our own activity
we can go much further. We can feel differences between clear
coherent thinking and confusion or stupidity, between free, controlled
emotional response and dull or clogged impassivity, between moments
when we do with our bodies more delicate and dexterous things
than seem possible, and moments of clumsiness, when we are ‘all
thumbs’, have no ‘balance’ or ‘timing’, and nothing ‘comes off’.
These differences are differences in momentary organisation,
differences in precedence between rival possible systematisations.
The more permanent and more specifically ‘moral’ differences
between individuals grow out of differences such as these and
correspond to similar precedences between larger systems.
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