Principles of literary criticismRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Philosophy
Principles of literary criticism
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
Criticism
The complications possible in the systematisation of impulses
might be illustrated indefinitely. The plasticity of special
appetencies and activities varies enormously. Some impulses can
be diverted more easily than others. Sex has a wider range of
satisfactions than hunger, for example; some are weaker than
others; some (not the same necessarily) can be suppressed in
the long run with less difficulty. Some can be modified; some
obey the ‘all or none’ rule—they must either be satisfied specifically
or completely inhibited—well-established habits may have this
peculiarity. In judging the importance of any impulse all these
considerations must be taken into account. The affiliations of
impulses, at present often inexplicable, need especially to be
considered. Within the whole partially systematised organisation,
numerous sub-systems can be found, and what would be expected
to be quite trivial impulses are often discovered to be important,
because they belong to powerful groups. Thus there are reasonable
persons who, without a high polish on their shoes, are almost
incapacitated.
The importance of an impulse, it will be seen, can be defined
for our purposes as _the extent of the disturbance of other
impulses in the individual’s activities which the thwarting of
the impulse involves_. A vague definition, it is true, but
therefore suitable to our at present incomplete and hazy knowledge
of how impulses are related. It will be observed that no special
ethical idea is introduced. We can now take our next step forward
and inquire into the relative merits of different systematisations.
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