Principles of Political EconomyPerry, Arthur Latham
General
Principles of Political Economy
Perry, Arthur Latham
Economics
Thus we are brought again and again from differing points of view to
the "two renderings" as central and determinative in Value, and also
more specifically to the "two efforts" of persons rather than any free
contribution of Nature as constituting that portion of the compound
Utility, whose function it is to gratify the "two desires" that
precede the realization of Value,--that portion of the utility in any
rendering that must be _compensated for_ by the other rendering. Now
in order to reach in a moment more our final definition of "Value," a
definition, it is believed, that will cover all the cases and take the
life out of endless disputes, we need a scientific term to carry
easily and exactly the meaning of any economic _rendering_. Let that
word be SERVICE. We must have it in its generalized meaning, to cover
the renderings of all the three kinds, in distinction from the term
"personal services," which we have already used and shall continue to
use to designate one class only of things exchanged, in
contradistinction to "commodities" and to "credits," the other two
classes.
VALUE IS THE RELATION OF MUTUAL PURCHASE ESTABLISHED BETWEEN TWO
SERVICES BY THEIR EXCHANGE.
We offer this definition of "Value" to our readers in much confidence,
that they will find it exact and adequate and altogether trustworthy.
No one of them, however, is precluded from attempts to improve it in
breadth and brevity and beauty; and all are invited to pick logical
flaws in it, whether of ambiguity or superfluity or deficiency. Many
minds and many hands in many lands have left their impress on parts of
this definition, for example, Aristotle in Greece and Bastiat in
France and Macleod in Great Britain; the present writer thinks, that
he has bettered the definition of Bastiat, namely, "_Value is the
relation of two services exchanged_," by precisely _defining_ the
relation as one of mutual purchase; and he is sure, that he has
improved the definition of Macleod, namely, "_The value of any
economic quantity is any other economic quantity for which it can be
exchanged_," by making his definition at once more abstract and more
general and more definite, and also by escaping the slight implication
in the word, "quantity," that only material things are exchanged in
economics.
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