Principles, I, ch. 3. Compare his Essays on some unsettled Questions of Political Economy, No. 3. A still more surprising exaggeration in _de Augustinis_ Instituzzioni di Economia sociale (Napoli 1837), who goes so far as to call a person guilty of arson a productive person because he has produced for himself “the pleasure of destruction”! More recently, _von Mangoldt_ distinguishes between economic labor and the labor of culture: the latter is incorporated into the man himself, the former one employed on the external world, in order to transform it in a way corresponding to human wants. Viewed from the stand-point of Political Economy, the latter only is productive. (Volkswirthschaftslehre, 1865, 26 ff.) 331 We might, indeed, compare original production, that which preceded all other, to eating; the trades, to digestion; commerce, to the movements of the several members of the body; personal services to inspiration, and yet all are equally necessary to the life of the body! Thus, _Gamilh_ compares agriculture to the root of a tree of which the service rendered by the state is the top. The growth of the latter contributes, as well as that of the former, to the nutrition of the whole, and is far removed from exhausting the tree. Théorie de l’ E.P., II, 46 ff. “Natural production” would, indeed, accomplish very little without the legal protection guaranteed by the state, or without the tools furnished by industry etc. But it is, besides, in most instances, a distortion of the truth to speak of productive and unproductive men or classes of men. These expressions are proper only when applied to individual kinds of labor. See _Murhard_, Ideen über Nat. Œk., 88 ff. Persons seriously ill are temporarily unproductive, and children who die early, are unproductive for their whole life. 332 Not, however, in the case in which the loser estimates the pleasure of the play higher than the loss. _ 333 J. B. Say_, Traité, I. ch. 1. _ 334 v. Cancrin_, Œkonomie der menschlichen Gesellschaften, 1845, 10, speaks, in this case, of privative production. Among the Socialists, _Bazard’s_ expression _l’exploitation de l’homme par l’homme_, has found loud echo; instead of which only _l’exploitation du globe par l’homme_ should be allowed to obtain. (Exposition de la Doctrine de St. Simon, 24.) But _von Schröder_ had already warned the world of “imagined food” which led only to idleness. (F. Schatz- und Rentkammer, 191, 363.) 335 Therefore, there should not be too many nor too highly salaried offices. See _Storch_, Nationaleinkommen, 33 ff. 336 See _v. Mangoldt_, Volkswirthschaftslehre, 29 ff.