[Sidenote: Taboo (_fady_) in Madagascar.] In Madagascar there is an elaborate system of taboo known as _fady_.[31.2] It has been carefully studied in a learned monograph by Professor A. van Gennep,[31.3] who argues that originally all property was based on religion, and that marks of property were marks of taboo.[31.4] However, so far as the evidence permits us to judge, it does not appear that the system has been used by the Malagasy for the protection of property to the same extent as by the Polynesians, the Melanesians, and the Indonesians. But we hear of Malagasy charms placed in the fields to afflict with leprosy and other maladies any persons who should dare to steal from them.[31.5] And we are told that some examples of _fady_ or taboo “seem to imply a curious basis for the moral code in regard to the rights of property among the last generation of Malagasy. It does not appear to have been _fady_ to steal in general, but certain articles were specified, to steal which there were various penalties attached. Thus, to steal an egg caused the thief to become leprous; to steal _landy_ (native silk) caused blindness or some other infirmity. And to steal iron was also visited by some bodily affliction.”[31.6] In order to recover stolen property the Malagasy had recourse to a deity called Ramanandroany. The owner would take a remnant of the thing that had been purloined, and going with it to the idol would say, “As to whoever stole our property, O Ramanandroany, kill him by day, destroy him by night, and strangle him; let there be none amongst men like him; let him not be able to increase in riches, not even a farthing, but let him pick up his livelihood as a hen pecks rice-grains; let his eyes be blinded, and his knees swollen, {32} O Ramanandroany.” It was supposed that these curses fell on the thief.[32.1]