Psychology and Pedagogy of AngerRichardson, Roy Franklin
Science
Psychology and Pedagogy of Anger
Richardson, Roy Franklin
Anger
Although the emotions are recognized as among the most important mental
phenomena, exerting a marked influence on other mental processes, they
have had comparatively little systematic investigation. We have our
casual descriptions of emotions in terms of feelings, sensations and
physiological effects. We have our theories, accounting for the
expression of the emotions, and our theories of the constituents of the
emotive consciousness. The functional side of emotions, emphasizing the
behavior of consciousness, has been for the most part neglected. In
looking over the literature on emotions, one is impressed by its
theoretical and opinionated trend. Much of it is based on casual
individual observations. Attention has for the most part been directed
to the most intense emotional experiences, neglecting the smaller
emotions, important as they are in the behavior of consciousness. Then
psychology has concerned itself with the exciting period of the emotion,
disregarding the consciousness preceding the emotion and that after the
emotion has disappeared. From the functional aspect of emotions, some of
the _questions_ which invite study are as follows: 1. the mental
situation, including the fore-period from which the emotion develops; 2.
the behavior of consciousness during the period the emotion exists; 3.
the manner of disappearance and diminution of the emotion; 4. the effect
in consciousness after the emotion has disappeared; 5. individual
differences in emotional life.
The statement of Wundt (21) and Külpe (14) concerning voluntary action,
that its mere period of duration is but a small part of its
psychological significance, may well be said of emotions. Wundt suggests
the close relation between the emotion and volitional action. A
volitional process that passes into an external act, he defines as an
emotion which closes with a “pantomimetic” movement. Ach (1), in his
experiments with the will, distinguishes in each experiment a fore, mid
and after period. In our emotional experiences, it is true to a marked
degree that we are predisposed and predetermined to a specific emotional
excitement by temporary or permanent dispositions and attitudes.
METHODS. The method in the present study has been to observe anger
introspectively as it appears in every-day life. Ten graduate students
of Clark University and two persons outside of the University
volunteered to observe their emotions for a period of at least three
months and report to the writer each day from the notes of their
introspections. These persons were asked to observe all instances of
anger and fear no matter how minute. Only anger will be used in the
present study. They were asked to observe the conscious fore-period
before the emotion begins, the development of the emotion, the
disappearance, the diminution and the consciousness after the emotion
has disappeared, which is recognized as having been influenced by the
emotion.
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