Exercises 480 References 480 CHAPTER XIX IMAGINATION 481 Beginnings of Imagination in the Child 482 Preliminary Definition of Imagination 483 Play 485 The Play Motives 488 Empathy 491 Worry 497 Day Dreams 498 Dreams 499 Freud's Theory of Dreams 505 Autistic Thinking 508 Invention and Criticism 509 The Enjoyment of Imaginative Art 512 The Psychology of Inventive Production 517 Imagination Considered in General 519 Exercises 521 References 522 CHAPTER XX WILL 523 Voluntary and Involuntary Action 524 Development of Voluntary Control 526 Ideomotor Action 527 Conflict and Decision 528 Obstruction and Effort 535 Thought and Action 539 Securing Action 541 The Influence of Suggestion 546 Exercises 551 References 561 CHAPTER XXI PERSONALITY 552 Factors in Personality 553 The Self 555 Integration and Disintegration of the Personality 558 The Unconscious, or, the Subconscious Mind 561 Unconscious Wishes and Motives 565 Exercises 571 References 571 INDEX 573 {1} PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER I WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS AND DOES THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE SCIENCE, ITS PROBLEMS AND ITS METHODS Modern psychology is an attempt to bring the methods of scientific investigation, which have proved immensely fruitful in other fields, to bear upon mental life and its problems. The human individual, the main object of study, is so complex an object, that for a long time it seemed doubtful whether there ever could be real science here; but a beginning was made in the nineteenth century, following the lead of biology and physiology, and the work of the investigator has been so successful that to-day there is quite a respectable body of knowledge to assemble under the title of scientific psychology. Psychology, then, is a science. It is the science of--what shall we say? "The science of the soul"--that is what the name means by derivation and ancient usage. "The science of the mind" has a more modern sound. "The science of consciousness" is more modern still. "The science of behavior" is the most recent attempt at a concise formula.