Psychopathology and politicsLasswell, Harold D. (Harold Dwight)
Science
Psychopathology and politics
Lasswell, Harold D. (Harold Dwight)
Personality and politics; Political science; Psychoanalysis; Psychology, Pathological
What light does the study of the genesis of personality throw on the
factors which determine which symbols are debatable? What is the
mechanism of the process by which the moral patterns are broken up,
discussed, and eventually reincorporated in more or less modified form
into the moral consensus of the community?
The growth of emotional bonds among individuals of diverse cultural
and personal traits is the most powerful solvent of the moral order.
A valuable treatise could be constructed on the theme, “Friendship
versus Morality.” It is well-known that governments are continually
handicapped in the impersonal application of a rule by the play of
personal loyalties. Robert E. Park has stressed the importance of
curiosity in the field of interracial relations. In no small measure
this is very primitive curiosity about the sexual structure and
behavior of odd-looking folks. When personal ties are built up,
exceptions are made in favor of the friend; what, indeed, is the
constitution among friends?
The mechanism is clear by which issues once settled are presently
non-debatable. Growing individuals incorporate the end result into
their own personalities through the process of identification and
introjection. Once a part of the superego of the rising generation,
the moral consensus is complete. Where no dissent is tolerated and
dialectic is impossible, we are dealing with a superego phenomenon.
Certain symbols are sacrosanct, and aspersions upon them produce the
crowd mind and not the public.[52]
Even this brief sketch of political symbolization has shown ample
grounds for concluding that political demands probably bear but a
limited relevance to social needs. The political symbol becomes ladened
with the residue of successive positive and negative identifications,
and with the emotional charge of displaced private motives. This
accumulation of irrelevancy usually signifies that tension exists in
the lives of many people, and it may possess a diagnostic value to the
objective investigator. The individual who is sorely divided against
himself may seek peace by unifying himself against an outsider. This
is the well-known “peacefulness of being at war.” But the permanent
removal of the tensions of the personality may depend upon the
reconstruction of the individual’s view of the world, and not upon
belligerent crusades to change the world.
The democratic state depends upon the technique of discussion to
relieve the strains of adjustment to a changing world. If the analysis
of the individual discloses the probable irrelevance of what the person
demands to what he needs (i.e., to that which will produce a permanent
relief of strain), serious doubt is cast upon the efficacy of the
technique of discussion as a means of handling social problems.
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