Its general significance, 441.--Economic causes, 442.--Growth of interstate traffic, 442.--Earlier Federal laws, 443.--Not lower rates, but end of discriminations sought, 443.--Rebates and favoritism, 445.--Monopoly by means of pooling distrusted, 446.--Speculation and fraud, 447.--Local discrimination, 448.--General unsettlement from rapid growth, 449.--Congressional history of the law, 450.--Its constitutionality, 451.--Summary of its provisions, 452.--Its tentative character, 453.--Radical departure as to rebating, 454. CHAPTER XIV 1887-1905. EMASCULATION OF THE LAW Favorable reception, 456.--First resistance from unwilling witnesses concerning rebates, 457.--Counselman and Brown cases, 458.--The Brimson case, 459.--Relation to Federal Courts unsatisfactory, 460.--Interminable delay, 461.--Original evidence rejected, 461.--The Commission's court record examined, 462.--Rate orders at first obeyed, 467.--The Social Circle case, 468.--Final breakdown in Maximum (Cincinnati) Freight Rate case, 469.--Other functions remaining, 472.--The long and short haul clause interpreted, 474.--The Louisville and Nashville case, 474.--The "independent line" decision, 476.--The Social Circle case again, 478.--"Rare and peculiar cases," 479.--The Alabama Midland (Troy) decision, 481.--Attempted rejuvenation of the long and short haul clause, 483.--The Savannah Naval Stores case, 484.--The dwindling record of complaints, 485. CHAPTER XV THE ELKINS AMENDMENTS (1903): THE HEPBURN ACT OF 1906 New causes of unrest in 1899, 487.--The spread of consolidation, 487.--The rise of freight rates, 488.--Concentration of financial power, 490.--The new "trusts," 491.--The Elkins amendments concerning rebates, 492.--Five provisions enumerated, 493. More general legislation demanded, 494.--Congressional history 1903-1905, 495.--Railway publicity campaign, 496.--President Roosevelt's leadership, 498.--The Hepburn law, 499.--Widened scope, 499.--Rate-making power increased, 500.--Administrative v. judicial regulation, 501.--Objection to judicial control, 503.--Final form of the law, 505.--Broad _v._ narrow court review, 506.--An unfortunate compromise, 507.--Old rates effective pending review, 508.--Provisions for expedition, 511.--Details concerning rebates, 512.--The commodity clause, 513.--History of its provisions, 514.--Publicity of accounts, 515.--Extreme importance of accounting supervision, 516.--The Hepburn law summarized, 520. CHAPTER XVI