Conditions may, of course, so shape themselves ultimately that it may be brought about. But, in the meantime, steady and persistent pressure should be exercised in the direction of this final goal. Reform of classification practice is certainly the greatest need of the time in the transportation field. FOOTNOTES: [315] 1901. Ripley, W. Z.; Report U.S. Industrial Commission, XIX, pp. 383-397. 1902. Interstate Commerce Commission, Railways in the U. S. in 1902. Part II. [Fine data.] 1905. Acworth, W, M.; Elements of Railway Economics, pp. 99-118. 1909. Dunn, S. O.; Uniform Classification, _Railway Age Gazette_, XLVII, pp. 413, 462, 497, 552. 1911. Hammond, M. B.; Railway Rate Theories of the Interstate Commerce Commission. 1912. Strombeck, J. F.; Freight Classification. (Limited to classified schedules.) [316] 10 I.C.C. Rep., 281; 13 _Idem_, 111; 4 _Idem_, 32; 9 _Idem_, 264; 17 _Idem_, 511; 23 _Idem_, 242; 2 _Idem_, 1. [317] Railways in the United States in 1902, by the Interstate Commerce Commission, 1903. Part II, p. 24, gives much data on changes of classification of specific articles since 1886. [318] For the rate advances of 1900, mainly effected by this means; U. S. Industrial Commission, IX, p. 859, and XIX, p. 282. [319] _Cf._ underclassification as a means of rebating; p. 190, _supra_. [320] The Official Railway Guide of the United States gives the personnel of scores of these associations annually, with a definition of the territory of each. [321] 3 I.C.C. Rep., 473. [322] Acworth's Elements of Railroad Economics, p. 104, is best on England. _Cf._ McPherson's Railroad Freight Rates, p. 148. [323] _Op. cit._, p. 149. [324] Cullom Committee, Testimony, p. 759. [325] _Railway Age Gazette_, September 8, 1911, p. 458. [326] P. 385, _infra_. [327] 3 I.C.C. Rep., 473. [328] Railways in the United States in 1902, I.C.C., 1903, Part II, p. 39; In the South in 1876 only 6 per cent. of items had carload ratings; while in 1902, 65 per cent. were so favored, as compared with 82 per cent. in trunk line territory and 81 per cent. in the West. [329] The Intermountain Rate cases are fully discussed at p. 610, _infra_. [330] Samuel O. Dunn, _Railway Age Gazette_, September 10, 1909, p. 462, is best on this. Cf. 8 I.C.C. Rep., 368. [331] Proposed rate advances November 29, 1910. [332] 22 I.C.C. Rep., 565. [333] 22 I.C.C. Rep., 585. Cf. also 23 _Idem_, 395, on articles too large to be loaded through the side door or too long to be loaded through the end window. [334] Hammond, Railway Rate Theories, etc., 1911, p. 42, analyzes interstate commerce decisions as to these. Strombeck, Freight Classification, 1912, pp. 35-60, also discusses the various factors entering into cost. [335] 6 I.C.C. Rep., 295; 10 _Idem_, 255. [336] 4 I.C.C. Rep., 611; 9 _Idem_, 382. But compare 23 _Idem_, 663, fixing the rate on stock cattle at 75 per cent. of that for beef or fat cattle. How about cost of service here? [337] 10 _Idem_, 327.