RATE MAKING IN PRACTICE (_Continued_) Effect of changing conditions, 147.--Lumber and paper rates, 148.--Equalizing industrial conditions, 148.--Protecting shippers, 149.--Pacific Coast lumber rates, 150.--Elasticity and quick adaptation, 152.--Rigidity and delicacy of adjustment, 153.--Transcontinental rate system, 154.--Excessive elasticity of rates, 155.--More stability desirable, 159.--Natural _v._ artificial territory and rates, 159.--Economic waste, 159.--Inelastic conditions, 161.--Effect upon concentration of population, 162.--Competition in transportation and trade contrasted, 163.--No abandonment of field, 165. Cost _v._ value of service, 166.--Relative merits of each, 167.--Charging what the traffic will bear, 169.--Unduly high and low rates, 171.--Dynamic force in value of service, 177.--Cost of service in classification, 179.--Wisconsin paper case, 181.--Cost and value, of service equally important, checking one another, 184. CHAPTER VI PERSONAL DISCRIMINATION Rebates and monopoly, with attendant danger to carriers, 185.--Personal discrimination defined, 188.--Distinction between rebating and general rate cutting, 188.--Early forms of rebates, 189.--Underbilling, underclassification, etc., 190.--Private car lines, 192.--More recent forms of rebating described, 195.--Terminal and tap-lines, 196.--Midnight tariffs, 197.--Outside transactions, special credit, etc., 198.--Distribution of coal cars, 199.--Standard Oil Company practices, 200.--Discriminatory open adjustments from competing centres, 202.--Frequency of rebating since 1900, 204-6.--The Elkins Law of 1903, 205.--Discrimination since 1906, 207.--The grain elevation cases, 211.--Industrial railroads once more, 212. CHAPTER VII LOCAL DISCRIMINATION