Concrete instances, 215.--Hadley's oyster case not conclusive, 217.--Two variants: lower long-haul rates by the roundabout route, as in the Hillsdale, Youngstown, and some Southern cases, 221; or by the direct route, as in the Nashville-Chattanooga and other southern cases, 225.--Complicating influence of water transportation, 232.--Market competition from various regions, a different case, 234.--The basing point (southern) and basing line (Missouri river) systems, 238.--Their inevitable instability and probable ultimate abandonment, 242.--Postage-stamp rates, illustrated by transcontinental tariffs, 245.--Which line makes the rate? 255.--Cost not distance, determines, 256.--Fixed charges v. operating expenses, 257.--Proportion of local business, 259.--Volume and stability of traffic important, 261.--Generally the short line rules, but many exceptions occur, 263. CHAPTER VIII PROBLEMS OF ROUTING Neglect of distance, an American peculiarity, 264.--Derived from joint cost, 265.--Exceptional cases, 265.--Economic waste in American practice, 268.--Circuitous rail carriage, 269.--Water and rail-and-water shipments, 273.--Carriage over undue distance, 277.--An outcome of commercial competition, 278.--Six causes of economic waste, illustrated, 280.--Pro-rating and rebates, 281.--Five effects of disregard of distance, 288.--Dilution of revenue per ton mile, 289.--Possible remedies for economic waste, 292.--Pooling and rate agreements, 293.--The long and short haul remedy, 295. CHAPTER IX FREIGHT CLASSIFICATION