Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 52945-h.htm or 52945-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/52945/52945-h/52945-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/52945/52945-h.zip) Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/reformedlogicsys00mclarich Transcriber's note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). A carat character is used to denote superscription. A single character following the carat is superscripted (example: _e_^2). ['s] represents lower case s with an acute accent. [n.] represents lower case n with dot under. REFORMED LOGIC Oxford Horace Hart, Printer to the University REFORMED LOGIC A System Based on Berkeley's Philosophy with an Entirely New Method of Dialectic by D. B. McLACHLAN 'SPIRITS are active, indivisible substances; IDEAS [objects] are inert, fleeting, dependent things, which subsist not by themselves, but are supported by, or exist in minds or spiritual substances.... The cause of Ideas is an incorporeal active SUBSTANCE or Spirit.' --_Berkeley._ London Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Paternoster Square 1892 [All rights reserved] '_Looking to the chaotic state of logic text-books at the present time, one would be inclined to say that there does not exist anywhere a recognised, currently-received body of speculation to which the title Logic can be unambiguously assigned, and that we must therefore resign the hope of attaining by any empirical consideration of the received doctrine, a precise determination of the nature and limits of logical theory._' _Encyc. Brit._, Art., LOGIC. PREFACE The object of the following treatise is to give an intelligible account of the principal facts of Mind, with a method for the right expression and criticism of Reasoning. It is based on principles not before applied to such a purpose. The current systems of Metaphysic are obscure and difficult simply because they start from false premises, not because the nature and operations of Mind cannot, if properly understood, be made as comprehensible to beginners as other branches of knowledge. The rules of Dialectic are quite within the capacity of any intelligent schoolboy, and should be an essential part of early education, like Arithmetic. Let not the student be repelled at finding a philosophy reputed to be one of the most difficult taken as the basis of this work. It is Berkeleyism considerably modified. Also it is to be borne in mind that a philosophy is not to be judged by its _primâ facie_ probability, but by its power of explaining many facts in a coherent and lucid way. A theory that does this should not be rejected for a seeming paradox at the outset.