*** 'As often as the weather is fine my brother goes into the country; if it be not fine to-morrow I conclude that he will not go into the country.'--A fallacy of contrast: we are not informed in the antecedents what the brother does on wet days. *** 'If there are sharpers in the company we ought not to gamble; but there are no sharpers in the company; therefore we ought to gamble.' I. Presence of sh. | forbids to gamble ----------------+------------------ Absence of sh. | _N. C._ *** 'Logic as it was cultivated by the schoolmen proved a fruitless study; therefore logic as it is cultivated at the present day must be a fruitless study likewise.'--We must take the conclusion as valid, until we know in what respects modern logic is superior to scholastic logic. *** 'Few treatises of science convey important truths, without any admixture of error, in a perspicuous and interesting form: therefore though a treatise would deserve much attention which should possess such excellence, it is plain that few treatises of science do deserve much attention.' This means no more than that treatises of a certain excellence would deserve attention, and that there are few of them. There is no argument. *** 'Some objects of great beauty answer no other purpose but to gratify the sight: many flowers have great beauty; and many of them accordingly answer no other purpose than to gratify the sight.' I. Some obj. which answer | are beautiful ------------------------+-------------- Many flowers are beaut. | _N. C._ *** 'None but Whites are civilised; the ancient Germans were Whites; therefore they were civilised.' I. All civilised nations | are Whites ----------------------|----------- Anc. Ger. were Wh. | _N. C._ *** 'Wilkes was a favourite with the populace; he who is a favourite with the populace must understand how to manage them; he who understands how to manage them must be well acquainted with their character; he who is well acquainted with their character must hold them in contempt; therefore Wilkes must have held the populace in contempt.' Favourites | must kn. how to || He who kn. how | must be | manage || to manage | acquainted --------------+-----------------------++----------------+-------------- W. was a fav. | _he knew how to man._ || W. knew | _he was acq._ He who is acq. | must despise ---------------+--------------------- W. was acq. | _he must have desp._ ***