In this case we have a quadruple consciousness. There is first the present object; next the recollection of the object originally associated with the same imprint; thirdly, a consciousness of _resemblance_ between the new and the old (the present object and the recollected idea) in so far as the imprints coincide, and (fourthly) a sense of _difference_ in so far as they disagree. The limitation of resemblance gives rise to the sense of difference--a negative consciousness--and the shock of difference emphasises the resemblance. This is Comparison, the common basis of Generalisation and Imagination. [Footnote 6: As if the image had the form of a stencil.] [Footnote 7: Locke, _Essay on the Understanding_, ii. x. 5.] [Footnote 8: _Exam. of Hamilton's Philosophy_, p. 212-3.] [Footnote 9: I append Spinoza's list, and print in italics the sentiments that appear to me to be emotions as distinguished from feelings. Desire--Pleasure--Pain--Wonder--_Contempt_--_Love_--_Hate_-- _Inclination_--_Aversion_--_Devotion_--Derision--_Hope_--_Fear_-- _Confidence_--_Despair_--Joy--Grief--Pity--Approval--Indignation-- Overesteem--_Disparagement_--_Envy_--Mercy (or goodwill)--Self-contentment--Humility--_Repentance_--_Pride_-- Dejection--Honour--_Shame_--_Regret_--_Emulation_--Thankfulness-- Benevolence--Anger--_Revenge_--Cruelty--_Daring_--_Cowardice_-- _Consternation_--_Civility_ (or deference)--_Ambition_--Luxury--Drunkenness--Avarice--Lust. Pollock's _Spinoza_, ch. vii.] GENERALISATION XII--NATURE AND FUNCTION General Ideas are formed by the coincident imprint of several objects in some respects different, but which have all a resemblance as objects, and are besides the signs of the same sentimental effect. If the effects are different the confusion of the objects occasions practical error, as when we mistake one man for another whom he closely resembles. Though the sentimental utilities should be the same, the object cannot be reduced to a common idea if they are quite dissimilar: for example, a sand-glass and a watch have similar uses, but they cannot be generalized. The value of generalisation to a thinker is that it economises memory and recollection by making one common or average idea do duty for many particular ideas. Let us follow the process in detail.