XXIV Perspection or Depth in groups--Perspective degradation--Redintegration, real and ideal--This groupment as a fixed Precedent--Standard of Depth--Sky Perspection 108 XXV Concretion of Cubic ideas from flat objects--Backs of things--Resistance--Dr. Johnson on Idealism--Danger of trifling with Idealists, illustrated from the Dabistán--Geographical Concretion--Its superiority to mere Recollection--Sphericity of the Earth, what it means 118 XXVI Material Sequence defined, with examples--TIME the interval between objects in Sequence--Eternity--Scientific confusion of Sequence with Causation 126 XXVII CAUSATION--Its peculiarities--How distinguished from Sequence--Effects are never causes--Cause consists of Motive, Plan, and Power--Generation not causation--Atoms not causes--Sub-categories of Causation--'Conservation' of Energy discussed--Note on DREAMS 130 REDACTION OF COLLOQUIAL ARGUMENTS XXVIII Language not naturally an instrument of Argument--How to adapt it to this purpose--Negative words--Partitive words--Redaction does not extend to the correction of faulty observation--Syllogistic Conversion not necessary on the Substantial method 151 FALLACIES XXIX Of Equivocation--Of Imperfect Observation 157 XXX Of Parallel Arrangement--Suppressed Precedent--Inferring a negative from Contrast--False Analogy--Doubtful Precedent--Of Accident--Of Division--Of Composition--Dialectical Tautology--Cross Reasoning--Fallacy of No Case--Of Inversion--Suppressed Conclusion--Of No Application--Of Irrelevant Conclusion 161 ACADEMICAL DIALECTIC XXXI Various notions of Reason entertained by Syllogists--One only true, Analogy 175 XXXII 'Immediate Inference' is not Argument, but explicitness and emphasis in language 176 XXXIII Arithmetic, what it is--The Real and the Symbolic--Reasoning enters only into the Real--The Symbolic a kind of expression 177 XXXIV Geometrical Demonstration not a form of Reasoning--The so-called 'deductive reasoning' of Geometry a graduated series of lessons in perception 182 XXXV Induction not a special kind of reasoning, but a deduction with suppressed precedent--Other meanings of the word 185 XXXVI Aristotle's Dictum explained and refuted 187 XXXVII Mediate Comparison not Argument 189 XXXVIII Syllogism analysed--It is not Argument--Doctrine of the Predicate--Moods of the Syllogism discussed--All moods reducible to One 191 STUDIES IN DIALECTIC