The second is, where the municipal law of a country not recognising slavery, it is the will of the State to refuse the master all aid to exercise any control over his slave; and if he attempt to do so, in a manner justifiable only by that relation, to prevent the exercise of that control. But no law exists, designed to operate directly on the relation of master and slave, and put an end to that relation. This is said by Lord Stowell, in the case above mentioned, to be the law of England, and by Mr. Chief Justice Shaw, in the case of the Commonwealth _v._ Aves, (18 Pick., 193,) to be the law of Massachusetts. The third is, to make a distinction between the case of a master and his slave only temporarily in the country, _animo non manendi_, and those who are there to reside for permanent or indefinite purposes. This is said by Mr. Wheaton to be the law of Prussia, and was formerly the statute law of several States of our Union. It is necessary in this case to keep in view this distinction between those countries whose laws are designed to act directly on the _status_ of a slave, and make him a freeman, and those where his master can obtain no aid from the laws to enforce his rights. It is to the last case only that the authorities, out of Missouri, relied on by defendant, apply, when the residence in the non-slaveholding Territory was permanent. In the Commonwealth _v._ Aves, (18 Pick., 218,) Mr. Chief Justice Shaw said: "From the principle above stated, on which a slave brought here becomes free, to wit: that he becomes entitled to the protection of our laws, it would seem to follow, as a necessary conclusion, that if the slave waives the protection of those laws, and returns to the State where he is held as a slave, his condition is not changed." It was upon this ground, as is apparent from his whole reasoning, that Sir William Scott rests his opinion in the case of the slave Grace. To use one of his expressions, the effect of the law of England was to put the liberty of the slave into a parenthesis. If there had been an act of Parliament declaring that a slave coming to England with his master should thereby be deemed no longer to be a slave, it is easy to see that the learned judge could not have arrived at the same conclusion. This distinction is very clearly stated and shown by President Tucker, in his opinion in the case of Betty _v._ Horton, (5 Leigh's Virginia R., 615.) (See also Hunter _v._ Fletcher [Transcriber's Note: Fulcher], 1 Leigh's Va. R., 172; Maria [Transcriber's Note: Marie] Louise _v._ Marot, 9 Louisiana R. [Transcriber's Note: at 473]; Smith _v._ Smith, 13 Ib., 441; Thomas _v._ Genevieve, 16 Ib., 483; Rankin _v._ Lydia, 2 A.K. Marshall, 467; Davies _v._ Tingle, 8 B. Munroe, 539; Griffeth [Transcriber's Note: Griffith] _v._ Fanny, Gilm. Va. R., 143; Lumford _v._ Coquillon, 14 Martin's La. R., 405; Josephine _v._ Poultney, 1 Louis. Ann. R., 329.)