1. _Imperium_ and _potestas_, 152. Administrative powers of the magistrates, 152. Military powers, 153. The right to triumph, 156. Powers exercised in connexion with the people, 158. The _contio_ and the _comitia_, 159. Right of acting with the _plebs_, 161. The right of consulting the Senate, 161. General powers of the magistrates; the _auspicia_, 162. The _coercitio_, 167. Conflict between the powers of the magistrates; the _obnuntiatio_, 172. The right of prohibition, 173. The _intercessio_, 176. The civil and criminal responsibility of magistrates, 181. The qualifications for office, 183. The formalities of candidature and election, 187. The _insignia_ of office, 191. _THE INDIVIDUAL MAGISTRACIES_ 2. The dictator, 191. The magister equitum, 195. The consuls, 196. The praetors, 202. The aediles, 208. The quaestors, 212. The censors, 216. The plebeian magistrates, 233. The minor magistrates, 234. CHAPTER V THE PEOPLE AND ITS POWERS Legislation, 238. Form of a _lex_, 242. Control of external matters, 243. Elective powers, 245. Judicial powers, 245. Rescission of sentences by the people, 248. Remission of outlawry and amnesty, 249. Grounds of invalidity of popular acts, 249. The different _comitia_; the _comitia curiata_, 250. The _comitia centuriata_ and its reorganisation, 252. The _comitia tributa_, 253. The _concilium plebis_, 253. Elections to the religious colleges, 254. Formalities observed in the meetings of the assemblies, 255. CHAPTER VI THE SENATE Reasons for the growth of the Senate’s power, 261. Method of appointment of senators, 263. External distinctions of senators, 265. Reforms of Sulla, 266. Rules of initiative and debate in the Senate, 267. The _senatus consultum_ and _senatus auctoritas_, 272. Powers of the Senate; its probouleutic authority, 273. Suspension of magistrates, 275. Quasi-legislative power, 275. Power of exempting from laws, 276. Revising power, 276. Influence on jurisdiction, 277. Appointment of special commissions, 278. Declaration of martial law, 279. Police control, 282. Control of foreign policy, 282. Control of finance, 286. Control of religion, 287. CHAPTER VII THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF ROME AND THE INCORPORATION OF ITALY