Roman Public LifeGreenidge, A. H. J. (Abel Hendy Jones)
History
Roman Public Life
Greenidge, A. H. J. (Abel Hendy Jones)
Constitutional history -- Rome; Rome -- Politics and government
Besides the heavy infantry and the cavalry, there may have been a corps
of light-armed troops (_velites_ and _arquites_), and these would
doubtless have been composed mainly of clients. We do not know whether
the free Plebeians were forced to serve; but, if they did, it would only
have been in this inferior capacity, which required no time for training
and no cost of maintaining a panoply. It is evident that the whole burden
of the regular levy, and of such war-taxation as then existed, fell upon
the Patricians, and before the close of the monarchy an effort was made
to remedy this unequal distribution of burdens—an effort which had as its
result the abolition of the patrician tribes as the leading divisions of
the state and a serious infringement of patrician rights.
The thirty _curiae_, originally local units, as is proved by their
names,[147] were divided, ten into each of the three tribes. The members
of the clans belonging to the same _curia_ were called _curiales_. But,
although the _curiae_ had local centres, membership of these bodies did
not depend on residence in a given locality. It was hereditary; and if
the members of a _gens_ migrated from its _curia_, the _gentiles_ were
still members of that state-division. The _curiae_ were religious as
well as political associations, which had from the first, or finally
developed, a close corporate life. Each had its peculiar _sacra_[148] and
a place of worship, containing an altar and chapel, which itself bore
the name _curia_;[149] and the religious affairs of each were conducted
by a priest called _curio_, assisted by a _flamen curialis_.[150] The
thirty _curiones_ formed a college, of which the _curio maximus_ was the
president.[151]
It is difficult to say how far the religious organisation of the _curiae_
was a natural or artificial development. But artifice was certainly at
work in determining their important political character. The primitive
popular assembly at Rome is the _comitia curiata_, composed wholly
of Patricians. Here each member of a patrician clan above the legal
age—probably the age of eighteen, at which military service commenced—had
the right of giving a single vote; a majority of the _curiales_ decided
the vote of the particular _curia_, and the decision of the assembly was
determined by the majority of the groups.
They also had, in a secondary degree, an importance of a military kind;
for the supply of knights to the corps of _celeres_ is said to have been
effected through the _curiae_.[152]
§ 5. _The Monarchical Constitution_
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