================================================ No. at Each Per Cent of Total Age Age Population ------------------------------------------------ Aggregate 529,630 ---- Under 1 year 100,268 18.93 Under 5 years 143,684 27.13 5-9 years 13,679 2.58 10-19 years 23,234 4.38 20-29 years 46,685 8.81 30-39 years 49,501 9.34 40-49 years 48,811 9.21 50-59 years 51,787 9.77 60-69 years 59,856 11.31 70-79 years 56,544 10.68 80-89 years 29,408 5.55 90 and over 6,441 1.21 ================================================ This table shows two things: first, that children have a hard time reaching five years, as nearly one third of all the children born in any year die under five years, and second, that from five to twenty years is the healthiest--that is, safest--time of a person's life, since after twenty the constitutional diseases make themselves felt so that death becomes almost uniformly distributed from twenty to eighty. It is plain, then, that in any community a change in the relative proportion of children born in any year would change the death-rate, since with a smaller number of infants there could not be so many to die. No statistics are available to determine the number of small children in the country as compared with that in the city, but it is probable that they are in excess in the latter, since the highest birth-rates are found in the congested districts of cities where foreigners congregate. If this is so, it will account for and justify a higher rate of death in the city because of the larger number of children, as has been explained above, and the lower rate in the country may be due, not to better sanitary surroundings, but solely to fewer children. According to statistics, the death-rate of children is almost 50 per cent higher in cities than in rural districts, and it is a general impression that most deaths in the country are from old age. English statistics show, however, and those of the United States would probably show the same thing, that while a baby born in the city is more likely to die before its first birthday than a baby born in the country, they have equal chances to finish a month of life and that the city child has better chances to live out the first week. The advantages of the country, therefore, do not begin to operate until after the first month of the baby's life, and there is a decidedly greater chance of the child's living in the city the first week on account, probably, of better and quicker medical attendance. _Typhoid fever and the death-rate._