to a great extent owing to the energy of Tchernyshévskiy and his friends. It must also be said that in this struggle _The Contemporary_ and _The Bell_ found a strong support in two advanced political writers from the Slavophile camp: KÓSHELEFF (1806-1883) and YÚRIY SAMARIN (1819-1876). The former had advocated, since 1847--both in writing and in practise--the liberation of the serfs “with the land,” the maintenance of the village community, and peasant self-government, and now Kósheleff and Samarin, both influential landlords, energetically supported these ideas in the Emancipation Committees, while Tchernyshévskiy fought for them in _The Contemporary_ and in his _Letters without an Address_ (written apparently to Alexander II. and published only later on in Switzerland). No less a service did Tchernyshévskiy render to Russian Society by educating it in economical matters and in the history of modern times. In this respect he acted with a wonderful pedagogical talent. He translated Mill’s _Political Economy_, and wrote _Notes_ to it, in a socialistic sense; moreover, in a series of articles, like _Capital and Labour_, _Economical Activity and the State_, he did his best to spread sound economic ideas. In the domain of history he did the same, both in a series of translations and in a number of original articles upon the struggle of parties in modern France. In 1863 Tchernyshévskiy was arrested, and while he was kept in the fortress he wrote a remarkable novel, _What is to be Done?_ From the artistic point of view this novel leaves much to be desired; but for the Russian youth of the times it was a revelation, and it became a programme. Questions of marriage, and separation after marriage in case such a separation becomes necessary, agitated Russian society in those years. To ignore such questions was absolutely impossible. And Tchernyshévskiy discussed them in his novel, in describing the relations between his heroine, Vyéra Pávlovna, her husband Lopukhóff and the young doctor with whom she fell in love after her marriage--indicating the only solutions which perfect honesty and straightforward common sense could approve in such a case. At the same time he preached--in veiled words, which were, however, perfectly well understood--Fourierism, and depicted in a most attractive form the communistic associations of producers. He also showed in his novel what true “Nihilists” were, and in what they differed from Turguéneff’s Bazároff. No novel of Turguéneff and no writings of Tolstóy or any other writer have ever had such a wide and deep influence upon Russian Society as this novel had. It became the watchword of Young Russia, and the influence of the ideas it propagated has never ceased to be apparent since.