In the tenth and eleventh centuries Waterford was strongly fortified, and, like Limerick, had gates leading into the town.[112] The town itself was built in the form of a triangle with a tower at each angle,[113] only one of which, the famous Reginald’s Tower, built in 1003, is still standing. Gualtier (? Ir. _Gall tír_, ‘land of the foreigners’), a barony lying on the west side of the harbour, is supposed to have been connected with the ‘Ostmen,’ who were obliged to settle there after the arrival of the English in 1169. Cork, the seat of a famous school founded by St. Finbar, fell an easy prey to the Vikings in the first half of the ninth century. They built forts there and at Youghal,[114] but in endeavouring to push their way inland to Fermoy were checked by the Irish (866), and their chief, Gnimcinnsiolla (or Gnimbeolu)[115] was slain. We hear no more of Scandinavians here until early in the tenth century when new invaders, part of the large army which came to Waterford with Raghnall and Earl Ottarr in 919, gained possession of the town. The new settlers seem to have been chiefly, if not entirely, Danes (_Danair_ and _Duibhgeinnti_),[116] and it would seem that with the Danish colonies at Thurles and Cashel they subsequently came under the authority of Ivarr of Limerick, “the high-king of the foreigners of Munster.” Traces of the Scandinavian occupation still remain in the place-names on the coast, especially in the districts surrounding the seaport towns. Near Dublin we find Howth (O.N. _höfuth_, ‘a head’) and Skerries (O.N. _skjær_, ‘a rock’); also Lambey, Dalkey and Ireland’s Eye, all three containing the O.N. form _ey_, an ‘island.’ The name Leixlip is probably a form of O.N. _laxhleypa_[117] (‘salmon-leap’) not, as is generally supposed, of O.N. _lax-hlaup_. The O.N. _fjörthr_ occurs in Wexford, Strangford and Carlingford (O.N. Kerlingafjörthr).[118] Other Scandinavian names on the east coast are Copeland Islands (_i.e._, _Kaupmannaeyjar_, ‘the merchants’ islands’) near Belfast Lough; Arklow, Wicklow (O.N. _lo_, a low, flat meadow by the water’s edge.); Carnsore and Greenore (O.N. _eyrr_, ‘a small tongue of land running into the sea’). The number of names on the south and west coasts is limited; besides Water_ford_, we find only Hel_vick_ (O.N. _vík_, ‘a bay’), Dursey Island, south-west of Cork, and Swerwick Harbour, in Kerry. At least three well-authenticated place-names have dropped out of use; Dún na Trapcharla, in Co. Limerick (O.N. (1) _torf-karl_, ‘a turf-cutter’ or (2) _thorp-karl_, a ‘small farmer’);[119] Jolduhlaup,[120] a cape in the north of Ireland; and Ulfreksfjörthr,[121] the Norse name for Lough Larne. It is also interesting to note that the second element in the names of the three provinces, Ulster, Leinster and Munster is derived from the O.N. _stathir_ (plural of _stathr_, ‘a place’), while the name Ireland (O.N. Iraland) is Scandinavian in form and replaced the old Irish word Eríu during the Viking period.