[104] Steenstrup: _op. cit._, III., p. 213. [105] _The Victorious Career of Cellachan of Cashel_, p. 65. [106] _Annals of Ulster_, A.D. 988. [107] _Three Fragments of Annals_ (A.D. 860) record that “two fleets of the Norsemen came into the land of Cearbhall, son of Dunlaing (King of Ossory) to plunder it.” These fleets probably sailed up the Barrow from Waterford harbour. The same annals also mention (p. 129) a Norse chieftain called Rodolbh, who may have been connected with the colony at Waterford. See also _Annals of the Four Masters_, A.D. 888 [891]. [108] _Annals of Ulster_, A.D. 921. [109] _The Victorious Career of Cellachan of Cashel_, p. 71. [110] The Four Masters record “the plundering of Kildare by the son of Gothfrith (_i.e._, Olaf) from Waterford” (A.D. 926). [111] _The Victorious Career of Cellachan of Cashel_, p. 70. [112] _The Victorious Career of Cellachan of Cashel_, pp. 13, 70. [113] Smith: _History of Waterford_, p. 165. [114] _Annals of the Four Masters_, A.D. 846, 864. [115] _Ib._, 865. _Fragments of Annals_, p. 169. _Gnimbeolu_ is the O.N. _Grímr Bióla_. The Irish “_Cinnsiolla_” (Nom. Cenn Selach) is probably a translation of O.N. _Selshofuth_, a word which does not occur as a nickname in Old Norse literature. It was, however, known in Ireland as may be seen from the runic inscription--_domnal Selshofoth a soerth (th) eta_--on a bronze sword-plate found in Greenmount (Co. Louth). Cf. Marstrander, _op. cit._ p. 49. [116] _The Victorious Career of Cellachan of Cashel_, pp. 10, 67. [117] Cf. Marstrander, _op. cit._, p. 149. [118] Cf. Marstrander, _op. cit._, p. 154. According to him, the O.N. _Kerling_, “an old woman” in this instance, is a folk-etymological form of Carlinn, the old name for the ford. [119] _Annals of the Four Masters_, A.D. 1062. Cf. _Co dunad na Piscarcarla in Cath Ruis na Rig_ (ed. Hogan) where _Piscarcarla_ corresponds to the O.N. _fiskikari_, “a fisherman.” The word _Trapcharla_ (“na _Trapcharla_”) also occurs in the _Book of Ballymote_ as the name of a people who fought at Troy. It has been suggested that the term was generally used during the ninth and tenth centuries of a Norse colony in Co. Limerick, which colony would acquire a legendary character after the Norsemen had been driven out of Ireland, and would figure, like the Lochlannaigh or Norsemen, in Middle-Irish stories and poems. See _Miscellany presented to Kuno Meyer_, pp. 293, 370. [120] _Landnámabók_ I. ch. 1. [121] _Heimskringla: Saga Óláfs hins helga_, chs. 88, 10. CHAPTER IV. THE EXPANSION OF IRISH TRADE.