Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original 182 illustrations. See 42824-h.htm or 42824-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42824/42824-h/42824-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42824/42824-h.zip) Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/scenescharacters00cuttuoft Transcriber's note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). Text enclosed by curly brackets is superscripted (example: o{r} Lady). SCENES AND CHARACTERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES [Illustration: _King Henry the Eighth's Army._] SCENES & CHARACTERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES by THE REV. EDWARD L. CUTTS, B.A. Late Hon. Sec. of the Essex Archæolocical Society With One Hundred and Eighty-Two Illustrations THIRD EDITION London: Alexander Moring Limited The De La More Press 32 George Street Hanover Square W 1911 CONTENTS. THE MONKS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. CHAP. PAGE I. THE ORIGIN OF MONACHISM 1 II. THE BENEDICTINE ORDERS 6 III. THE AUGUSTINIAN ORDER 18 IV. THE MILITARY ORDERS 26 V. THE ORDERS OF FRIARS 36 VI. THE CONVENT 54 VII. THE MONASTERY 70 THE HERMITS AND RECLUSES OF THE MIDDLE AGES. I. THE HERMITS 93 II. ANCHORESSES, OR FEMALE RECLUSES 120 III. ANCHORAGES 132 IV. CONSECRATED WIDOWS 152 THE PILGRIMS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. I. PILGRIMS 157 II. OUR LADY OF WALSINGHAM AND ST. THOMAS OF CANTERBURY 176 THE SECULAR CLERGY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. I. THE PAROCHIAL CLERGY 195 II. CLERKS IN MINOR ORDERS 214 III. THE PARISH PRIEST 222 IV. CLERICAL COSTUME 232 V. PARSONAGE HOUSES 252 THE MINSTRELS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. I. 267 II. SACRED MUSIC 284 III. GUILDS OF MINSTRELS 298 THE KNIGHTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. I. SAXON ARMS AND ARMOUR 311 II. ARMS AND ARMOUR, FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST DOWNWARDS 326