Schools of Gaul in the last century of the Western Empire : $b A study of pagan and Christian education in the last century of the Western empireHaarhoff, T. J. (Theodore Johannes)
History
Schools of Gaul in the last century of the Western Empire : $b A study of pagan and Christian education in the last century of the Western empire
Haarhoff, T. J. (Theodore Johannes)
Education, Ancient -- France; Gaul -- History -- 58 B.C.-511 A.D.
With regard to examinations we find nothing definite, but there is a
passage in the famous law of 370[652] which points to the application
of some test. The emperor wants a report from the prefect of Rome, with
a view to imperial appointments, of all students who have completed
their course and are going back to the provinces. Moreover, such reports
(_breves_) must be lodged at the imperial office every year. ‘Similes
autem breves etiam ad scrinia mansuetudinis nostrae annis singulis
dirigantur, quo meritis singulorum institutionibusque conpertis, utrum
quandoque nobis sint necessarii iudicemus.’
From a few scattered hints it looks as if there was some sort of academic
dress. Domitius teaches Terence at Ameria, wrapped in a thick cloak
(_endromidatus_) though the weather is warm[653]—a picture which reminds
us of Augustine’s ‘paenulati magistri’.[654] At Antioch the rhetor wore
a philosopher’s mantle[655] (_tribon_), a costume which was not unknown
in Gaul, for Sidonius remarks that Claudianus, though a philosopher, wore
ordinary dress.[656]
That there were holidays at regular intervals is clear from Ausonius’s
letter to his grandson:
Sunt etiam musis sua ludicra: mixta camenis
otia sunt ...
set requie studiique vices _rata tempora servant_.[657]
And Sidonius invites Domitius to come and share the joys of the country
after his laborious teaching in the stuffy schoolroom.[658]
When exactly the vacations began and how long they lasted in Gaul we do
not know, but it is probable that the order and duration of the Roman
holidays were imitated. Ausonius’s verses in the ‘Thirty days hath
September’ style on the Feriae Romanae[659] indicate that the Roman
holidays existed at least in the memory of the schoolboy. Tertullian
implies that they existed also in his experience, though less splendid
in the provinces than at Rome (_minore cura per provincias pro minoribus
viribus administrantur_).[660] We hear of ‘Florales Ludi’, which were
different from the Roman Floralia, in connexion with the academy of
Toulouse. There were ‘Agones rhetorici et poetici quotannis celebrari
soliti, quique etiamnum hodie Kalendis Maii (_sic_) quotannis in domo
publica committuntur’.[661] It is doubtful when these games were first
introduced. Justinus mentions them in his description of the foundation
of Massilia. Tradition at Toulouse said they were instituted by a maiden
of literary tastes, Clementia Isaura; another version is that she merely
renewed them. She is mentioned in the _Agonisticon_ of one Petrus Faber
of Toulouse in the sixteenth century, and Papyrius Massonius wrote an
‘Elogium Clementiae Isaurae’. They set up a statue to her on which the
inscription ran: ‘Clementia Isaura ... forum frumentarium, vinarium,
piscarium et olitorium ... Capitolinis populoque Tolosano legavit, hac
lege ut quotannis ludos Florales in aedem publicam quam ipsa sua impensa
extruxit celebrent....’
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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