Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
History
Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.
Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
Education, Greek
The only lecture,[575] of which any very definite trace is left, was
not a great success from the educational point of view. Plato
announced beforehand that his subject would be “The Good.” A great
crowd collected, expecting to hear a neat Isocratean discussion of
such things as Health, Wealth, Friendship, which were popularly
considered to be rival claimants for the title of the Good. But Plato
began to talk about arithmetic and geometry and astronomy, and
discussed the One as the Good. The whole lecture was couched in
enigmatical language. The majority of the audience went away in
despair.[576] Only practised Platonists like Aristotle and Herakleides
and Hestiaios did their best to understand the lecture, and took
notes. The whole idea of a “popular lecture” must have been repugnant
to Plato. In his view, knowledge was only for the few, who, starting
with great natural abilities, could devote themselves for years at a
time to continual study and research. The pupil must be talented to
start with: he must undergo a long course of preparatory studies in
Logic and Mathematics: only when middle-aged might he approach the
inner mysteries of Philosophy. Holding such educational ideas as
these, Plato naturally made his lectures unintelligible to all but a
few: his main subject for public exposition seems to have been that
curious mathematical metaphysic which Aristotle combats as Platonic,
although it is nowhere found in the extant dialogues. By reading the
_Metaphysics_ of Aristotle the modern inquirer can perhaps realise how
difficult Plato’s lectures must have been.[577]
At the school in the Akademeia, Plato seems to have instructed his
lads chiefly in Logic and Mathematics. Logic consisted chiefly of
definitions, such as those for which Sokrates was always hunting, and
that curious process of “division” which is exemplified at such length
in the _Sophist_ and _Politikos_. Diogenes Laertius[578] gives a long
catalogue of such divisions, of which only a few can be found in
extant works: the rest must have figured in the school, and survived
as traditions in the commentaries. A comic poet has left a picture of
the logic school at work[579]:――
“_A._ What of Plato and Speusippos and Menedemos? Upon what
are they now engaged? What is their thought? What argument
is investigated among them? Tell me, I pray, if you know.
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