Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C. — John Shaqi
Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
History
Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.
Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
Education, Greek
Another picture may be quoted from Hellenic literature to show the
extent of education which an ordinary woman received.[115] A certain
Aristarchos comes to Sokrates in great distress. A number of female
relatives, quite destitute, have been thrown upon his hands owing to
various circumstances, and he must support them; but he has not the
requisite means. Sokrates naturally suggests that he should make them
work for their living. But they do not know how to, says Aristarchos.
However, by dint of questioning, Sokrates elicits the fact that they
can make men’s and women’s garments, and also pastry and bread. These,
then, were apparently the accomplishments which an ordinary girl in
Hellas, brought up without any idea of having to earn her own living,
would acquire. Plato also mentions weaving and cooking as the
provinces in which women excel,[116] and describes the women of Attika
as “living indoors, managing the household and superintending the loom
and wool-work generally.”[117]
Thus the Athenian girl spent her time indoors, learning to be a
regular “Hausfrau,” skilled in weaving, cooking, and household
management. She had her special maid to wait on her,[118] as her
brothers had their paidagogos. She would, as a rule, be married young,
and would naturally be very shy after such an upbringing; the marriage
was arranged between the bridegroom and the parents, and, owing to the
seclusion of the women at Athens, love-matches were well-nigh
impossible. The match was mainly a question of the dowry.
Xenophon[119] gives a vivid picture of one of these girl-wives
gradually “growing accustomed to her husband and becoming sufficiently
tame to hold conversation with him.” To keep their beauty under such
conditions they employed rouge and white, and high-heeled shoes. Such
mothers would be quite incapable of giving any literary or musical
education to their children; hence the boys went away to school as
soon as possible. Their school-life usually began when they were about
six years old, the exact age being left to the parents’ choice.[120]
Before this, they learnt in the nursery the various current fables and
ballads, and the national mythology.[121] “As soon as the child
understands what is said, the nurse and the mother and the paidogogos,
yes, and the father himself, strive with one another in improving its
character, in every word and deed showing it what is just and what is
unjust, what is beautiful and what is ugly, what is holy and what is
unholy. It is always ‘Do this’ and ‘Don’t do that.’ If a child is
disobedient, it is corrected with threats and blows.”[122] Besides
this purely moral training there might, no doubt, be a certain amount
of technical or of literary instruction at home,[123] and bits of
poetry might be learnt. Up to this age boys and girls lived together.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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