Science and poetryRichards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
History
Science and poetry
Richards, I. A. (Ivor Armstrong)
English poetry -- 20th century -- History and criticism; Poetry
In its use of words poetry is just the reverse of science. Very
definite thoughts do occur, but not because the words are so chosen as
logically to bar out all possibilities but one. No. But because the
manner, the tone of voice, the cadence and the rhythm play upon our
interests and make _them_ pick out from among an indefinite number of
possibilities the precise particular thought which they need. This
is why poetical descriptions often seem so much more accurate than
prose descriptions. Language logically and scientifically used cannot
describe a landscape or a face. To do so it would need a prodigious
apparatus of names for shades and nuances, for precise particular
qualities. These names do not exist, so other means have to be used.
The poet, even when, like Ruskin or De Quincey, he writes in prose,
makes the reader pick out the precise particular sense required
from an indefinite number of possible senses which a word, phrase
or sentence may carry. The means by which he does this are many and
varied. Some of them have been mentioned above, but the way in which he
uses them is the poet’s own secret, something which cannot be taught.
He knows how to do it, but he does not himself know how it is done.
Misunderstanding and under-estimation of poetry is mainly due to
over-estimation of the thought in it. We can see still more clearly
that thought is not the prime factor if we consider for a moment not
the experience of the reader but that of the poet. Why does the poet
use these words and no others? Not because they stand for a series of
thoughts which in themselves are what he is concerned to communicate.
It is never what a poem _says_ which matters, but what it _is_. The
poet is not writing as a scientist. He uses these words because the
interests which the situation calls into play combine to bring them,
just in this form, into his consciousness _as a means of ordering,
controlling and consolidating_ the whole experience. The experience
itself, the tide of impulses sweeping through the mind, is the source
and the sanction of the words. They represent this experience itself,
not any set of perceptions or reflections, though often to a reader
who approaches the poem wrongly they will seem to be only a series of
remarks about other things. But to a suitable reader the words--if they
actually spring from experience and are not due to verbal habits, to
the desire to be effective, to factitious excogitation, to imitation,
to irrelevant contrivances, or to any other of the failings which
prevent most people from writing poetry--the words will reproduce in
his mind a similar play of interests putting him for the while into a
similar situation and leading to the same response.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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