Science and the modern worldWhitehead, Alfred North
Religion
Science and the modern world
Whitehead, Alfred North
Science
Enduring things are thus the outcome of a temporal process; whereas
eternal things are the elements required for the very being of the
process. We can give a precise definition of endurance in this way: Let
an event A be pervaded by an enduring structural pattern. Then A can be
exhaustively subdivided into a temporal succession of events. Let B be
any part of A, which is obtained by picking out any one of the events
belonging to a series which thus subdivides A. Then the enduring pattern
is a pattern of aspects within the complete pattern prehended into the
unity of A, and it is also a pattern within the complete pattern
prehended into the unity of any temporal slice of A, such as B. For
example, a molecule is a pattern exhibited in an event of one minute,
and of any second of that minute. It is obvious that such an enduring
pattern may be of more, or of less, importance. It may express some
slight fact connecting the underlying activities thus individualised; or
it may express some very close connection. If the pattern which endures
is merely derived from the direct aspects of the external environment,
mirrored in the standpoints of the various parts, then the endurance is
an extrinsic fact of slight importance. But if the enduring pattern is
wholly derived from the direct aspects of the various temporal sections
of the event in question, then the endurance is an important intrinsic
fact. It expresses a certain unity of character uniting the underlying
individualised activities. There is then an enduring object with a
certain unity for itself and for the rest of nature. Let us use the term
physical endurance to express endurance of this type. Then physical
endurance is the process of continuously inheriting a certain identity
of character transmitted throughout a historical route of events. This
character belongs to the whole route, and to every event of the route.
This is the exact property of material. If it has existed for ten
minutes, it has existed during every minute of the ten minutes, and
during every second of every minute. Only if you take _material_ to be
fundamental, this property of endurance is an arbitrary fact at the base
of the order of nature; but if you take _organism_ to be fundamental,
this property is the result of evolution.
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