Scientific American Supplement, No. 303, October 22, 1881 — John Shaqi
Scientific American Supplement, No. 303, October 22, 1881Various
Science
Scientific American Supplement, No. 303, October 22, 1881
Various
Science -- Periodicals
We have stated above that the maximum daily hand production of tulle
dotted in quincunxes of 0.04 of an inch is about one yard. At the rate
of 30 revolutions per minute, and for the same article as that just
mentioned, this dotting machine is capable of producing, theoretically,
360 yards per 10 hours; but practically this production is reduced to
about 250 yards, which, however, is sufficiently satisfactory.
* * * * *
THE REPRODUCTION AND MULTIPLICATION OF NEGATIVES.
By ERNEST EDWARDS, B.A.
A question, relative to the subject of reproducing negatives, which was
put at a meeting of one of your New York societies, prompts me to make a
few remarks on the subject.
Among the numerous and widely diversified ramifications of our business
(the Heliotype Printing Company) we have very often to reproduce and
multiply negatives in both a direct and reversed form. Various methods
for doing this have been tried, and I may here say that I am quite well
aware of all the methods that have hitherto been suggested for the
purpose, but that which I am to describe is the one to which preference
has been given, and which is that known as the carbon process.
A sheet of carbonized paper or "tissue," having been sensitized by
immersion in a bath of bichromate of potash, is dried in the dark and
placed away for future use, although it is undesirable that it be kept
for more than four or five days. This is placed in a printing frame in
contact with the negative and exposed for a few minutes, after which it
is immersed in water, squeegeed down upon a glass plate, and developed
with warm water in the way so well known to carbon printers. The result
is a transparency which, owing to having received a sufficient exposure,
should show every detail of the negative. The nature of the tissue
employed for such a purpose must be such as to give no strong contrasts,
but everything reproduced with soft and fine gradation of tone.
The transparency thus obtained forms the _cliché_ by which the negatives
are subsequently made; and a negative of any size may be obtained by
the camera on wet or dry plates. The transparency must, of course, be
pointed to the sky and the light transmitted through it, no other light
being allowed to reach the lens except that which passes through the
carbon transparency. Care must also be taken that the transparency is
_uniformly_ lighted. If it is not possible to obtain a northern light,
which is best, a reflector of white paper or card may be used which must
be sufficiently large and placed at an angle of about forty-five degrees
to the transparency.
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