Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net. [Illustration] SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 822 NEW YORK, October 3, 1891 Scientific American Supplement. Vol. XXXII, No. 822. Scientific American established 1845 Scientific American Supplement, $5 a year. Scientific American and Supplement, $7 a year. * * * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. ANTHROPOLOGY.--The Study of Mankind.--A review of Prof. Max Muller's recent address before the British Association. 13141 II. CHEMISTRY.--Standards and Methods for the Polarimetric Estimation of Sugars.--A U.S. internal revenue report on the titular subject.--2 illustrations. 13138 The Formation of Starch in Leaves.--An interesting examination into the physiological _role_ of leaves.--1 illustration. 13138 The Water Molecule.--By A. GANSWINDT.--A very interesting contribution to structural chemistry. 13137 III. CIVIL ENGINEERING.--Demolition of Rocks under Water without Explosives.--Lobnitz System.--By EDWARD S. CRAWLEY.--A method of removing rocks by combined dredging and ramming as applied on the Suez Canal.--3 illustrations. 13128 IV. ELECTRICITY.--Electrical Standards.--The English Board of Trade commission's standards of electrical measurements. 13129 The London-Paris Telephone.--By W.H. PREECE, F.R.S.--Details of the telephone between London and Paris and its remarkable success.--6 illustrations. 13131 The Manufacture of Phosphorus by Electricity.--A new industry based on dynamic electricity.--Full details. 13132 The Two or Three Phase Alternating Current Systems.--By CARL HERING.--A new industrial development in electricity fully described and graphically developed.--15 illustrations. 13130 V. GEOGRAPHY AND EXPLORATION.--The Grand Falls of Labrador.--The Bowdoin College exploring expedition and its adventures and discoveries in Labrador. 13140 VI. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.--Improved Changeable Speed Gearing.--An ingenious method of obtaining different speeds at will from a single driving shaft.--2 illustrations. 13129 Progress in Engineering.--Notes on the progress of the last decade. 13129 VII. MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.--Eyesight.--Its Care during Infancy and Youth.--By L. WEBSTER FOX, M.D.--A very timely article on the preservation of sight and its deterioration among civilized people. 13135