Two Romanesque churches, one belonging to the same period, the other to
a later date, with a more advanced art, are the church and fine
cloisters of San Pablo del Campo of Barcelona (Plate 16) and the
Cathedral of Sigüenza. This last church, which was begun in 1102 and
consecrated in 1123, was not completed until the thirteenth century. It
is the most important example of the late-Romanesque Transition style.
San Pablo was originally a Benedict convent, erected in 914 by Count
Guitardo, but the building was restored in 1117 by Guiberto Guitardo,
and is an excellent specimen of early Catalan architecture. Like San
Pedro of Huesca, it has three parallel apses. The nave and transept are
covered with barrel vaulting, and above the crossing rises an octagonal
cupola. On the chief portal are carved figures of St. John and St.
Matthew; and especially interesting are the carved capitals of the
columns, both those in the church itself and even more those in the
cloisters, where we find cusped arches in the Saracenic style, coupled
shafts, and richly decorated capitals.
In all the Romanesque churches the greatest wealth of the carver’s art
is lavished on the capitals of the columns. Here we see Bible scenes and
purely decorative designs, alternating, often very strangely, with
fantastic monsters, fables, and scenes from daily life. Almost all of
these carvings are truly Spanish in their sentiment, though the foreign
influences are always visible.
The Romanesque period lasted longer in Spain than in France; we do not
find the Pointed or Gothic style before the twelfth century, when the
Cistercian order introduced the severe and noble Burgundian type of
church. But many old churches, though begun in the Romanesque period,
assumed a Gothic character before their completion; we find this at
Tarragona, in the old Cathedral of Salamanca, and in those of Londa and
Tudela, as well as in many other churches. In the Monastery of Las
Huelgas, Burgos, celebrated as the church where Edward I. of England was
knighted by Alonso the Learned, the church, dating from 1279, is in
severe Gothic style; the cloisters, too, are Gothic, but in the earlier
Claustreo (Plate 17) there are fine Romanesque capitals and arches.
Again, the older and less-known Cistercian Abbey at Verula is a
Transition building, while the beautiful cloisters of the fourteenth
century are Gothic.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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