Yet a clear indication which unites the two classes of representation is
furnished by the votaries who appear in both alike. They are in the
Spartan relief very small in stature; a naive way of indicating how far
below the hero they rank. The votary of the Athenian relief is scarcely
smaller than his ancestral hero. Yet his presence is an undoubted proof
of the connexion of the monument with actual worship. On many of the
later representations of banquets, this is further emphasized by the
introduction of the well-known symbolism of ancestor-worship. In some a
snake is depicted in the foreground. In others a horse’s head appears in
the background. In others the superhuman character of the hero is
indicated by the lofty crown, which belongs to the god of the lower
world, Hades or Sarapis, and which appears on the head of the reclining
hero[85].
The Spartan monuments were probably in many cases set up as tombstones
over the actual graves of ancestors. But the Athenian banqueting reliefs
were not usually on tombstones, more often on memorial tablets preserved
in chapels devoted to the cultus of the dead. This their shape clearly
indicates. All tombstones are almost of necessity higher than they are
broad, usually tall and narrow. But the banqueting reliefs are oblong in
the opposite direction, broader than they are high. This difference
indicates a different use and destination. In fact they come rather into
line with the reliefs which belong to the worship of civic or local
heroes, or those set up by grateful votaries in the shrines of Asklepius
and other healing deities, than with the immediate memorials of the
dead.
[Illustration: FIG. 34. COIN OF BIZYA.]
The likeness between some of the votive monuments of Asklepius and the
ordinary sepulchral banquets is so close as to have caused considerable
confusion. The Asklepian reliefs appear to borrow of set purpose much of
the symbolism which belongs to ancestor-worship. As an instance we
engrave (Fig. 34) a coin of Bizya, a Greek city of Thrace[86], struck in
the reign of Philip the Arab. On the reverse of the coin we see
Asklepius reclining on a couch, against which rests his serpent-twined
rod. His daughter or wife Hygieia is seated beside him; a human
attendant brings in a wine-jar. The accessories, a coat of mail hung on
a tree, a shield suspended from the wall, a horse who trots in from the
right, are among the ordinary features of sepulchral banqueting reliefs,
and seem inappropriate to a peaceful and non-equestrian deity like
Asklepius. Such contamination of one class of monuments by another, such
transfer of symbols from one artistic field to another, is among the
common phenomena offered by Greek art.
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