We have now reached phenomena which require careful consideration. We
have found that there is no clear line of distinction to be drawn
between banqueting reliefs which were set up in honour of dead persons
and reliefs which belong to the cultus of heroes, and even of deities
who partake of the nature of heroes, such as Asklepius. It is always
difficult in dealing with ancient monuments to separate the particular
class of which we propose to treat from other classes which are akin to
it in origin and in meaning. It is always necessary at last to draw a
somewhat arbitrary line, and to adhere to it for the sake of order and
method.
In Greek cultus and belief there is no broad distinction to be made
between the veneration paid to the more noteworthy of those who were
recently dead, and the worship accorded to local and national heroes,
Theseus and Orestes, the Dioscuri and Asklepius. In a sense, all the
dead were heroes, and any of them might become a worthy object of
periodic sacrifice, proprietor of a sacred domain, and lord of a
priesthood. I have already (Chap. II) dwelt on these facts from the
point of view of custom and cultus; it remains to show their working in
the field of art.
In dealing, not with actual gravestones, but with the oblong reliefs
which had a closer relation to cultus, and were dedicated only to the
more distinguished of the dead, it is quite impossible to distinguish
clearly those which were set up in honour of recognized mythic heroes,
from those which belonged strictly to the cult of ancestors. Sometimes
the inscription may help us to a decision, or sometimes we may find
direction in the place where the relief is found. Apart from these
external indications, those offered by the relief itself are usually
ambiguous.
That some of the banqueting reliefs were set up in honour of persons
recently dead may be proved[87]. Indeed, in later times, such scenes not
unfrequently decorate actual tombstones. This being the case, it is
reasonable to assume that the great majority of them belong to tribal
and family worship. They were set up, not usually at the tomb, but in
shrines and heroa in the neighbourhood of the cemetery, or in the
chapels of deities or heroes; sometimes, perhaps, in private houses, to
be a constant reminder to the survivors.
In an early and interesting sepulchral relief in the British Museum[88]
we have an unusual group. On a couch there recline an old man and a
young, doubtless father and son, while a second son leads in a horse.
This relief may serve as a transition to another class of oblong
cultus-reliefs. The cult of heroized ancestors does not find its only
memorials in Greece in the reliefs in which they are represented as
seated or reclining. There is another group of monuments in which they
appear as horsemen, or as leading horses.
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