=Arcĕsiláus=: latter part of third century B.C.; first a disciple of Theophrastus (q. v.), but took an independent line in philosophy as founder of the sceptical New Academy. A man of amiable character and a wit. =Archeláus=: king of Macedonia 413-399 B.C.; a lover of art and literature and a patron of Euripides and other Athenian men of letters. =Archidámus=: Archidamus II, king of Sparta, 469-427 B.C. There were several other kings of the name. =Archílŏchus=: of Paros, _fl._ _c._ 710-675 B.C. A lyrist of whom only fragments are extant; particularly famous for his iambic lampoons. =Archimédes=: the Newton of antiquity; an eminent scientist of Syracuse 287-212 B.C.; student of astronomy, applied mathematics, and engineering. He served as mechanical engineer in defending his city from the Romans, by whose soldiers he was killed in ignorance. =Archytas=: of Tarentum, in the early part of the fourth century B.C., noted as a mathematician and philosophic statesman of the Pythagorean order. Both in generalship and civil business of state he was eminently successful and was trusted with extraordinary powers. =Arēs=: the Greek War-God, answering generally to the Roman Mars. =Arȋdaeus= (=Arrhidaeus=): (1) feeble half-witted king of Macedonia after his brother Alexander’s death. (2) A general of Alexander, joint regent in 321 B.C., afterwards governor on the Hellespont. =Aríōn=: _c._ 600 B.C.; the famous bard and harp-player of Lesbos, and supposed inventor of the dithyramb. His favourite abode was at the court of Periander. =Aristarchus=: the prince of Greek grammarians and critics; flourished at Alexandria 181-146 B.C. Chiefly known for his commentaries on the language and matter of Homer, and his recension of the divergent manuscripts. =Aristeides= (=Aristídes=): with the sobriquet of ‘the Just’; a noble of Athens, statesman and general, who figures in the stirring times of the war with Persia. Died _c._ 470 B.C. =Aristíppus=: of Cyrene, disciple, but not imitator, of Socrates. A student and teacher of ethics, and founder of the Cyrenaic philosophy and its cult of pleasure: _fl._ _c._ 380-366 B.C. For a time he was at the court of Dionysius (q. v.) of Syracuse. =Arísto=: (1) the chief bearer of the name was a philosopher who became head of the Peripatetic school about 230 B.C. Anciently considered a writer of more elegance than weight. (2) A son of Sophocles, and probably himself a tragedian. =Aristómĕnes=: practically regent of Egypt from 202 B.C.; a sound adviser of the young Ptolemy Epiphanes (q. v.), who put him to death for his frankness in 192 B.C. =Aristóphănes=: of Athens, 444-380 B.C.; by far the greatest comic poet of antiquity. His comedy was of the ‘Old’, or personal-political type. Eleven of his plays are extant. =Arístŏphōn=: painter, brother of Polygnotus (who _fl._ _c._ 420 B.C.).