The conception is thoroughly Greek, and may be paralleled abundantly
from Plato as well as from Plutarch himself and contemporary writers.
But it is really misapplied here, and is in fact a mistranslation, since
the word used by Plato and Xenophon as well as by Plutarch is invariably
not the daemon, but the neuter adjective, ‘the daemonic sc. Sign’. The
passages of Plato and Xenophon are collected in the late James Riddell’s
edition of the _Apology_ of Plato.[20] It is to be observed that in all
the genuine works of Plato the operation of the Sign is negative and
deterrent, in Xenophon it is sometimes positive and hortatory. The
reader should consult the articles on Socrates by Professor Henry
Jackson in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. Professor Jackson is inclined
to think that the evidence points to some abnormal condition of the
sense of hearing, and there are expressions in this Dialogue of Plutarch
which seem to bear out such a view. Apuleius’ treatise _On the God of
Socrates_ (which St. Augustine tells us that he would have entitled _On
the daemon of Socrates_ if he had dared) tells us much which is of
interest about the daemons, but not very much about Socrates. He
contributes, however, the pertinent remark that the Sign, according to
Socrates himself, was not ‘a voice’, but ‘a sort of voice’.
There is no indication of the date of composition of this Dialogue.
Not many points of topography arise. The Cadmeia stood on a low hill or
plateau rising from north to south on the eastern side of the Dirce
stream and reaching a height of some 200 feet, now occupied by the
modern town. The market-place was north-east of this, near the river
Ismenus. Of the seven famous gates the returning exiles may probably
have entered by the Electran, the one assailed by Capaneus in Aeschylus’
story (_Seven against Thebes_, 423).
A DIALOGUE HELD AT ATHENS
[Sidenote: 573] CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE RETURN OF THE THEBAN
EXILES, 379 B.C.
SPEAKERS
CAPHEISIAS, a Theban (brother of Epaminondas), who tells the story
of the return.
TIMOTHEUS., Athenian
ARCHIDAMUS., Athenian
THE SONS OF ARCHINUS., Athenian
LYSITHEIDES., Athenian
OTHER FRIENDS.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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