[60] ~Jacques Bénigne Bossuet~ (1627-1704), French divine, orator, and writer. His _Discours sur l'histoire universelle_ (1681) was an attempt to provide ecclesiastical authority with a rational basis. It is dominated by the conviction that "the establishment of Christianity was the one point of real importance in the whole history of the world." PAGE 50 [61] From Virgil's _Eclogues_, iv, 5. Translated in Shelley's _Hellas_: "The world's great age begins anew." THE STUDY OF POETRY PAGE 55 [62] Published in 1880 as the General Introduction to _The English Poets_, edited by T.H. Ward. Reprinted in _Essays in Criticism_, Second Series, Macmillan & Co., 1888. [63] This quotation is taken, slightly condensed, from the closing paragraph of a short introduction contributed by Arnold to _The Hundred Greatest Men_, Sampson, Low & Co., London, 1885. PAGE 56 [64] From the Preface to the second edition of the _Lyrical Ballads_, 1800. [65] ~Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve~ (1804-69), French critic, was looked upon by Arnold as in certain respects his master in the art of criticism. PAGE 57 [66] ~a criticism of life~. This celebrated phrase was first used by Arnold in the essay on _Joubert_ (1864), though the theory is implied in _On Translating Homer_, 1861. In _Joubert_ it is applied to literature: "The end and aim of all literature, if one considers it attentively, is, in truth, nothing but that." It was much attacked, especially as applied to poetry, and is defended as so applied in the essay on _Byron_ (1881). See also _Wordsworth, Selections_, p. 230.[Transcriber's note: This is Footnote 371 in this e-text.] [67] Compare Arnold's definition of the function of criticism, _Selections_, p. 52.[Transcriber's note: This approximates to the section following the text reference for Footnote 61 in this e-text.] PAGE 59 [68] ~Paul Pellisson~ (1624-93). French author, friend of Mlle. Scudéry, and historiographer to the king. [69] Barren and servile civility. 70. ~M. Charles d' Hericault~ was joint editor of the Jannet edition (1868-72) of the poems of ~Clément Marot~ (1496-1544). PAGE 62 [71] _Imitation of Christ_, Book III, chap. 43, 2. [72] ~Cædmon~. The first important religious poet in Old English literature. Died about 680 A.D. [73] ~Ludovic Vitet~ (1802-73). French dramatist and politician. [74] ~Chanson de Roland~. The greatest of the _Chansons des Gestes_, long narrative poems dealing with warfare and adventure popular in France during the Middle Ages. It was composed in the eleventh century. Taillefer was the surname of a bard and warrior of the eleventh century. The tradition concerning him is related by Wace, _Roman de Rou_, third part, v., 8035-62, ed. Andreson, Heilbronn, 1879. The Bodleian _Roland_ ends with the words: "ci folt la geste, que Turoldus declinet." Turold has not been identified. PAGE 63