[140] ~Philistinism~. In German university slang the term _Philister_ was applied to townsmen by students, and corresponded to the English university "snob." Hence it came to mean a person devoid of culture and enlightenment, and is used in this sense by Goethe in 1773. Heine was especially instrumental in popularizing the expression outside of Germany. Carlyle first introduced it into English literature in 1827. In a note to the discussion of Goethe in the second edition of _German Romance_, he speaks of a Philistine as one who "judged of Brunswick mum, by its _utility_." He adds: "Stray specimens of the Philistine nation are said to exist in our own Islands; but we have no name for them like the Germans." The term occurs also in Carlyle's essays on _The State of German Literature_, 1827, and _Historic Survey of German Poetry_, 1831. Arnold, however, has done most to establish the word in English usage. He applies it especially to members of the middle class who are swayed chiefly by material interests and are blind to the force of ideas and the value of culture. Leslie Stephen, who is always ready to plead the cause of the Philistine, remarks: "As a clergyman always calls every one from whom he differs an atheist, and a bargee has one or two favorite but unmentionable expressions for the same purpose, so a prig always calls his adversary a Philistine." _Mr. Matthew Arnold and the Church of England, Fraser's Magazine_, October, 1870. [141] The word ~solecism~ is derived from[Greek: soloi], in Cilicia, owing to the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of that place. PAGE 118 [142] The "~gig~" as Carlyle's symbol of philistinism takes its origin from a dialogue which took place in Thurtell's trial: "I always thought him a respectable man." "What do you mean by 'respectable'?" "He kept a gig." From this he coins the words "gigman," "gigmanity," "gigmania," which are of frequent occurrence in his writings. PAGE 119 [143] _English Fragments, Pictures of Travel, Works_, III, 464. PAGE 120 [144] See _The Function of Criticism, Selections_, Note 2, p. 42. [Transcriber's note: This is Footnote 42 in this e-text.] PAGE 121 [145] _English Fragments_, chap. IX, in _Pictures of Travel, Works_, III, 410-11. [146] Adapted from a line in Wordsworth's _Resolution and Independence_. PAGE 122 [147] ~Charles the Fifth~. Ruler of The Holy Roman Empire, 1500-58. PAGE 124 [148] _English Fragments, Conclusion_, in _Pictures of Travel, Works_, III, 468-70. [149] A complete edition has at last appeared in Germany.[Arnold.] PAGE 125 [150] ~Augustin Eugène Scribe~ (1791-1861), French dramatist, for fifty years the best exponent of the ideas of the French middle class. PAGE 126